These results showed that ERIC-PCR has good discriminatory power and typeability, making it a useful tool for discrimination among C. pseudotuberculosis isolates from goats.”
“The influence of intergrain exchange coupling on the properties of microwave-assisted magnetization reversal has been investigated. The results of micromagnetic simulation suggest that the microwave frequency realizing the magnetization reversal is increased as the exchange stiffness constant among the

magnetic grains becomes larger than 1 x 10(-7) SNS-032 nmr erg/cm if an inhomogeneous magnetization reversal occurred. The numerically expected increase in the microwave frequency was observed experimentally in perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pd multilayer with an exchange stiffness constant of similar to 1 x 10(-6) erg/cm. The simulations of signal recording and reproducing processes in a granular medium with assistance of a microwave field also suggest that an adequate intergrain exchange coupling is required to inhibit the nucleation of small island domains that will suppress the amplitude of the signal-noise ratio of the readback signal. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3596805]“
“Purpose: To measure and compare the dimensions BI 2536 concentration of the sustentaculum tali (ST) in pediatric patients with unilateral subtalar coalition to determine if the contralateral side has altered morphology.

Materials and Methods: The institutional review board R788 chemical structure approved this study,

which was HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was waived. Radiology records were reviewed to identify 35 patients with unilateral subtalar coalition undergoing computed tomography (CT) (21 male, 14 female; mean age, 14.54 years) and 33 control patients with triplane fracture (21 male, 12 female; mean age, 13.48 years). CT images were reviewed, and reformatted images through the subtalar joint (on the side opposite the coalition) were created. Anteroposterior measurements of the middle facet (MF) and the ST were recorded by two observers with electronic calipers. The MF/ST ratio and the ST length

extending posterior to the MF were calculated. Measurements between groups were compared by using Wald tests based on linear regressions. Inter-and intraobserver variabilities were determined by means of a component of variance model.

Results: The lengths of the MF and ST for the study and control groups were 12.86 and 16.82 mm (P < .001) and 23.83 and 22.06 mm (P = .053), respectively. Intra-and interobserver correlations for both measurements were 0.94 and 0.92 and 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. MF/ST ratio was 0.54 versus 0.76 (P < .001), and ST length extending posterior to the MF was 10.97 versus 5.24 mm (P < .001).

Conclusion: The MF is smaller and the ST extends further beyond the MF in patients with a contralateral subtalar coalition than in control patients. The morphology of the ST may provide insight into the origins and development of coalitions.

In the first we use the seed-specific ABI3 promoter to drive the TPS1 cDNA during embryo development, resulting in rescue of the embryo-lethal tps1 phenotype. Lack of expression from the ABI3::TPS1 transgene

in post-germinative tps1 seedlings results in severe growth arrest, accumulation of soluble sugars and starch and leads to an increase in expression of genes related to ABA signalling. In the second approach we use TILLING (targeted induced local lesions in genomes) to generate three weaker, non-embryo-lethal, CAL-101 clinical trial alleles (tps1-11, tps1-12 and tps1-13) and use these to demonstrate that the TPS1 protein plays a key role in modulating trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) levels in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis. All three weaker alleles give a consistent phenotype of slow growth and delayed flowering. Germination of tps1-11, tps1-12 and tps1-13 is hypersensitive to ABA with the degree of hypersensitivity correlating with the decrease in T6P levels in the different alleles. Stomatal pore aperture is regulated by ABA, and this was found to be affected in tps1-12. Our results show that the TPS1 gene product plays an essential role in regulating the growth of vegetative as well as embryogenic tissue in a mechanism involving ABA and sugar metabolism.”
“Oscillometric devices are being widely used for Selleckchem LY2835219 ambulatory, home and office blood pressure ( BP) measurement. However, even successfully GSK2126458 research buy validated oscillometric

devices fail to provide accurate measurements in some patients. This study investigated the prevalence, the reproducibility and the characteristics of the phenomenon of unreliable oscillometric BP (UOBP) measurement. A total of 5070 BP measurements were obtained simultaneously (Y connector) using a professional oscillometric device (BpTRU) and a mercury sphygmomanometer in 755 patients (1706 visits). UOBP readings were defined as those with >10 mm Hg difference (systolic or diastolic) between the two

methods. UOBP was found in 15% of systolic and 6.4% of diastolic BP measurements. In all, 18% of the participants had UOBP in their first but not their second visit, or the reverse. However, 49% of these participants had at least one more UOBP visit after their second visit within the study database. Patients with persistent UOBP were more likely to be female and had lower arm circumference. The systolic BP discrepancy between the two methods was associated with pulse pressure (r = 0.41) and inversely with diastolic BP (r = 0.40) and arm circumference (r = 0.30), whereas the diastolic discrepancy with diastolic BP (r = 0.61) and inversely with pulse pressure (r = 0.32). There was a consistent significant trend for larger systolic BP discrepancy and smaller diastolic from the lower to the higher pulse pressure quintile (P<0.0001). A decreasing arm circumference was a significant predictor of persistent UOBP.

Methods: Historical cohort study in a pediatric otolaryngology practice at an urban, not-for-profit hospital. All children had baseline audiometry followed by bilateral tube insertion with a Likert-type outcome questionnaire administered to the caregiver by telephone (86%) or mail (14%).

Results: We identified 229 eligible children aged .5-13 years, of which caregivers of 168 children (73%) were available for follow-up at a median time of 2.0 years (range .7-3.1 Emricasan cost years). Most children (55%) had at least one condition

placing them at-risk for developmental delays. The mean pure-tone average at baseline for the better-hearing ear was 32 dB HL (10.4 SD). After tube insertion most caregivers (89%) stated that their child’s life “”much better,”" and that expectations were met (60%) or exceeded (38%). Speech and language was “”much better”" for 55%, more often 4-Hydroxytamoxifen in at-risk children (odds ratio 4.6, 95% CI 2.4-8.8). Similarly, learning or school

performance was “”much better”" after tubes for 55%, more often in at-risk children (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.6-5.9). Improved hearing was reported by 84% with no relationship to at-risk status.

Conclusions: Caregivers reported favorable outcomes regardless of their child’s at-risk status, but children at-risk for delays Acalabrutinib had better reported outcomes for speech, language, learning, and school performance. Results are limited by lack of a control group and reliance on caregiver-report, but add to the very limited data currently available about predictors of benefit from tubes. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Lecanicillium lecanii, Verticillium chlamydosporium, V. fungicola var flavidum and Beauveria bassiana were evaluated on their growth with pure n-hexane, toluene and n-hexane:toluene 17:83 (v:v) mixture. Another set of treatments were conducted with colloidal chitin

as additional carbon source. All the strains of Lecanicillium were able to grow using hydrocarbons with or without the addition of chitin, although the presence of hydrocarbons showed significant inhibition evidenced by measured biomass, radial growth and microscopic analyses. Degradation of n-hexane ranged within 43 and 62 % and it was higher than that with toluene. The strains L460, L157 and L2149, which presented the highest growth, were further selected for determinations of hydrocarbon consumptions in microcosms. Strain L157 showed the highest consumption of n-hexane (55.6 %) and toluene (52.9 %) as sole carbon source and it also displayed activities of endochitinases, N-acetylhexosaminidase and production of hydrophobins class I and II.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3569747]“
“Higher education level might result in reduced disparities in access to renal transplantation. We analyzed two outcomes: (i) being placed on the waiting list or transplanted without listing and (ii)

transplantation in patients who were placed on the waiting list. We identified 3224 adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in United States Renal Data System with education information available (mean age of ESRD onset of 57.1 +/- 16.2 yr old, 54.3% men, 64.2% white, and 50.4% diabetics). Compared to whites, HDAC inhibitor fewer African Americans graduated from college (10% vs. 16.7%) and a higher percentage never graduated from the high school (38.6% vs. 30.8%). African Selleckchem Fer-1 American race was associated with reduced access to transplantation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.70, p < 0.001 for wait-listing/transplantation without listing; HR 0.58, p < 0.001 for transplantation after listing). African American patients were less likely to be wait-listed/transplanted in the three less-educated groups: HR 0.67

(p = 0.005) for those never completed high school, HR 0.76 (p = 0.02) for high school graduates, and HR 0.65 (p = 0.003) for those with partial college education. However, the difference lost statistical significance in those who completed college education (HR 0.75, p = 0.1).

In conclusion, in comparing white and African American candidates, racial disparities in access to kidney transplantation do exist. However, they might be alleviated in highly educated individuals.”
“Introduction: The burden of typhoid fever in preschool children is not well recognized. The purpose NU7441 molecular weight of this study was to estimate the incidence of typhoid bacteremia in Pakistani children <5 years of age, with a focus on children younger than 2 years of age. This will help to inform prevention policies in highly endemic countries.

Methods: Household surveillance from

February 1, 2007 to May 12, 2008, was carried out by community health workers in 2 low-income, coastal communities of Karachi. Workers referred each sick child <5 years old to the local clinic. Blood for culture was obtained from those who gave consent, and inoculated in BACTEC Peds Plus bottles (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) and processed per manufacturer’s guidelines.

Results: Overall, 5570 children contributed 3949 observation years. Blood culture was obtained from 1165 cases, yielding 36 pathogens. Salmonella Typhi was isolated in 16 cases, Salmonella Paratyphi A in 2 cases, and Salmonella Paratyphi B in 1 case. The incidence of typhoid bacteremia in children <2 years of age was 443.1 (95% confidence interval, 193.8-876.5) per 100,000 child years. The overall incidence rate of typhoid for children <5 years was 405.1 (95% confidence interval, 239.8-643.9) per 100,000 child years.

METHODS: This cross-sectional, case-control, age-adjusted study was conducted in 336 patients with

premature coronary disease (<50 years old) and 189 healthy controls. The control subjects had normal clinical, resting, and exercise stress electrocardiographic assessments. The coronary disease group check details patients had either angiographically documented disease (>50% luminal reduction) or a previous myocardial infarction. The laboratory data evaluated included thrombogenic factors (fibrinogen, protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III), atherogenic factors (glucose and lipid profiles, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoproteins AI and B), and lymphotoxin-alfa mutations. Genetic variability of lymphotoxin-alfa was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis.

RESULTS: Coronary disease patients exhibited lower concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and higher levels of glucose, lipoprotein(a), and protein S. The frequencies of AA, AG, and GG lymphotoxin-alfa mutation genotypes were 55.0%, 37.6%, and BTSA1 in vitro 7.4% for controls and 42.7%, 46.0%, and 11.3% for coronary disease patients (p = 0.02), respectively. Smoking, dyslipidemia, family history, and lipoprotein(a) and lymphotoxin-alfa mutations in men were independent variables associated with coronary

disease. The area under the curve (C-statistic) increased from 0.779 to 0.802 (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of lipoprotein(a) and lymphotoxin-alfa mutations in the set of conventional risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of lipoprotein(a) and lymphotoxin-alfa mutations PF 00299804 in the set of conventional risk factors

showed an additive but small increase in the risk prediction of premature coronary disease.”
“The results of placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) with acamprosate or naltrexone vary substantially. Those differences have been attributed to differing patient characteristics, recruitment strategies, treatment settings and remuneration systems. We tested these assumptions by comparing a new double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial conducted in Germany (called PREDICT Study) with data from the US COMBINE Study. PREDICT was designed according to the protocol of the COMBINE Study. A total of 426 alcohol-dependent patients were compared to 459 COMBINE Study patients corresponding to the treatment cells in PREDICT. All patients received acamprosate, naltrexone or placebo for 3 months (PREDICT) or 4 months (COMBINE). Biweekly manualized medical management’ to enhance compliance was delivered in both studies. Time until the first occurrence of heavy drinking was the main outcome measure. PREDICT found neither acamprosate nor naltrexone to supply any additional benefit compared with placebo, which is at variance with a positive naltrexone effect being reported in the COMBINE Study.

“
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with intact (IAS) or highly restrictive atrial septum (RAS) has extremely poor outcomes largely related to pulmonary pathology. At birth, immediate left atrial (LA) decompression is required to remain viable, but there is a tradeoff between residual increase in LA pressure and pulmonary overcirculation, either of which exacerbates the pulmonary status. From August 2010 to April 2013,

a retrospective chart review was performed on consecutive patients with a prenatal diagnosis of HLHS with IAS/RAS presenting to a single center. The management strategy was immediate LA decompression followed by placement of bilateral pulmonary artery bands (bPAB) and subsequent conventional Norwood procedure. Six patients were

born with HLHS with IAS/RAS during this time period with this planned management strategy. Four patients underwent LA SBE-β-CD Microbiology inhibitor decompression and subsequently developed low cardiac output with pulmonary overcirculation. bPAB were used with improvement in cardiac output and pronounced diuresis. These patients all survived the Norwood and subsequent Glenn procedures and remain alive [median follow-up 2.2 years (range 11 months-2.7 years)]. Two patients did not survive with therapy being withdrawn before the Norwood procedure. It is hypothesized that a strategy of total LA decompression followed by bPAB maximizes preoperative systemic perfusion and minimizes ongoing injury to the pulmonary system. This may enhance patient candidacy for the Norwood Volasertib mouse procedure and long-term survival.”
“Cefuroxime axetil (CA) immediate release (IR) tablets were developed and optimized by direct compression method. Ten formulations were designed and optimized using central composite design with two main variables, microcrystalline cellulose PH 102 and croscarmellose.

Pharmaceutical evaluation of the formulations was conducted Elacridar manufacturer emphasizing on dissolution profile of the drug by USP dissolution test using apparatus H in 0.07 N HCl and in medium of pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8 to determine the dissolution pattern of the low soluble drug. Test formulations were compared against reference brand using f2 similarity factor. Test formulations were assayed by a validated HPLC method, with acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate solution (pH = 5.2) in a ratio of 15:85 as mobile phase. Stability studies under stress were conducted on selected formulations according to ICH guidelines. It was conclusive that stable CA formulations could be developed by direct compression method.”
“Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive primary immunodeficiency characterised by immune dysregulation, microthrombocytopaenia, eczema and lymphoid malignancies. Mutations in the WAS gene can lead to distinct syndrome variations which largely, although not exclusively, depend upon the mutation.

Coll2-1 levels were significantly higher in the degenerative joint disease group. A high percentage of horses with distal interphalangeal joint effusion was present in this study and was associated with decreased IGF-I and increased Coll2-1 levels. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Clinical applications of electroencephalography (EEG) are used with different objectives, EEG being a noninvasive and painless procedure. In respect of eating disorders, in the 1950s a
of study about the neurological bases

of anorexia nervosa was started and has since been developed. URMC-099 order The purpose of this review is to update the existing literature data on the main findings in respect of EEG in eating disorders by means of a search conducted in PubMed. Despite the fact that weight gain tends to normalize some brain dysfunctions assessed by means of EEG, the specific effect of gaining weight remains controversial. Different

studies have reported that cortical dysfunctions can be found in patients with anorexia nervosa even after weight gain, whereas others have reported a normalization of EEG in respect of the initial reduced alpha/increased beta power in those patients with refeeding. Findings of studies that have analyzed the possible relationship between eating disorders and depression, based on sleep EEG disturbances, do not support the idea of eating disorders as a variant of depression or affective AG-014699 clinical trial disorders. Some EEG findings are very consistent with previous neuroimaging results on patients with anorexia nervosa, reporting neural

disturbances in response to stimuli that are relevant to the pathology (eg, stimuli like food exposure, different emotional situations, or body images).”
“Two new furostanol saponins ophiopogonins J (1) and K (2) were isolated from the fibrous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus. The structures of 1 and 2 were established as (25R)-26-O-[(-d-glucopyranosyl-(12)--d-glucopyranosyl)]-14-hydroxy-furost-5,20(22)-diene 3-O-[-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)]–d-glucopyranoside (1), and (25R)-26-O-[(-d-glucopyranosyl-(12)--d-glucopyranosyl)]-furost-5,20(22)-diene 3-O–l-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)[(-d-xylopyranosyl-(14)--d-glucopyranoside)] see more (2) on the basis of spectroscopic means including HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR experiments.”
“The minimum intravenous infectious dose for ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) WLC1 was determined using twenty-four 6 month-old lambs. Twelve groups of two 6 month-old lambs were inoculated intravenously (i.v.) with tissue culture fluid containing ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) WLC1 titers ranging from 10(7.6) TCID50/lamb down to 10(-3.4) TCID50/lamb and were monitored for seroconversion using the OPPV agar gel immunodiffusion assay (AGID). Fifteen of the 16 lambs given equal or greater than 10(0.

“
“Lactococcus A-1155463 price lactis cremoris is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive coccus whose natural host is bovine livestock. It may form part of the normal human bacterial flora found in the oropharynx, the gastrointestinal tract and the vagina. This bacterium is essential in the food industry, where it is used in milk fermentation to obtain cheese, yoghurt, etc. Exposure to unpasteurised dairy products has thus been recognised as a risk factor for infection by this organism. It is generally considered to be non-pathogenic, although it appears that pathogenicity may be emerging. We present an atypical case of necrotising pneumonia caused by L. lactis

cremoris.”
“Background:

Successful anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with use of soft-tissue grafts requires healing between tendon and bone. Little is known about the effect of mechanical load on the cellular and molecular cascade of tendon-to-bone healing. Understanding these mechanical influences ha critical implications for postoperative rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that, compared with perioperative immobilization, short-duration low-magnitude cyclic axial loading would result in impaired tendon-to-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a rat model.

Methods: Fifty-two male Fer-1 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with,use of a flexor digitorum longus autograft. The patellar tendon, capsule, and ligamentous structures were circumferentially released, and an external fixator parallel to the anterior cruciate ligament graft

was placed across the knee. Mechanical loading, consisting of cyclic displacement of the femur and tibia constrained to axial translation parallel to the graft, was applied selleckchem daily. The rats were randomly assigned to immobilization or daily loading, for fourteen or twenty-eight days. Biomechanical, micro-computed tomographic, and histomorphometric analysis was performed on the bone-tendon-bone complexes.

Results: The load measured across the knees during cyclic displacement increased over time (p < 0.05). Load-to-failure testing of the isolated femur-anterior cruciate ligament graft-tibia specimens revealed no significant differences between groups at two or four weeks. By two weeks postoperatively, a greater number of ED1+ inflammatory macrophages (phagocytic cells involved in the initial injury response) were seen at the tendon-bone interface after loading in the cyclically loaded group than in the immobilized group (p = 0.01). Compared with the baseline values, the number of trabeculae was significantly lower after loading for four weeks (p = 0.02).

Mean pain scores improved from 7.7 +/- 1.6 (n = 155) preoperatively to 2.7 +/- 2.4 (n = 148) at 24 months, reflecting an approximate 63% overall improvement (P

< 0.001). Mean ODI scores improved from 36.6 +/- 14.6% (n = 86) preoperatively to 19.0 +/- 19.2% (n = 78) at 24 months, or approximately 54% (P LY2606368 supplier < 0.001). Two-year clinical success rates on the basis of change relative to baseline of at least 30% were 86% (127 of 147) and 74% (57 of 77) for pain and function, respectively. The overall radiographic fusion rate at 2 years was 94% (145 of 155).

Conclusion. Findings from this clinical series of patients treated with a presacral interbody fusion procedure, stabilized with the AxiaLIF rod, reflect favorable and durable outcomes through 2 years of follow-up.”
“Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant morbidity in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). The clinical effects of HCMV replication are determined partly by a type 1 T-helper cell (Th1) response.

CCI-779 clinical trial Because the chemokine interferon-inducible protein of 10 kilodaltons (IP-10, CXCL-10) induces a Th1 response, we investigated whether HCMV triggers IP-10 in LTRs. The IP-10 concentration and HCMV DNA load were determined in 107 plasma and 46 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 36 LTRs. Initial HCMV detection posttransplantation was significantly associated with increased plasma IP-10, regardless of whether the patients showed HCMV DNAemia (p = 0.001) or HCMV replication only in the allograft (p < 0.0001). In subsequent episodes of Navitoclax mw HCMV detection, plasma IP-10 increased regardless of whether HCMV was detected in blood (p = 0.0078) or only in BALF (p < 0.0001) and decreased after successful antiviral therapy (p = 0.0005). Furthermore, levels of HCMV DNA and IP-10 correlated statistically (p = 0.0033). Increased IP-10 levels in

HCMV-positive BALF samples were significantly associated with severe airflow obstruction, as indicated by a decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Our data indicate that HCMV replication in LTRs evokes a plasma IP-10 response and that, when an IP-10 response is observed in BALF, it is associated with inflammatory airway obstruction in the allograft.”
“We present a comprehensive computational study on the properties of rock salt-like and hexagonal chalcogenide Ge2Sb2Te5 supported by experimental data. We calculate the electronic structure using density functional theory (DFT); the obtained density of states (DOS) compares favorably with experiments, and is suitable for transport analysis. Optical constants including refractive index and absorption coefficient capture major experimental features, aside from an energy shift owed to an underestimate of the bandgap that is typical of DFT calculations. We also compute the phonon DOS for the hexagonal phase, obtaining a speed of sound and thermal conductivity in good agreement with the experimental lattice contribution.

FN patients were randomized to receive cefepime (CFPM, control), panipenem/betamiprom (PAPM/BP), or meropenem (MEPM). Defervescence, an Selleckchem CDK inhibitor outcome endpoint, was evaluated 3 days later. Patients with minimal response were given CPFX or AGs, and their responses were reevaluated on day 7. A total of 255 patients were included. The efficacies of CFPM, PAPM/BP, and MEPM were comparable. In patients unresponsive to this initial therapy, the efficacy of subsequent CPFX and AGs treatments was also

similar. There was no significant between-arm difference in cumulative efficacy on days 14 and 30. Adverse reactions were infrequent and mild. In conclusion, PAPM/BP and MEPM are as useful as CFPM as initial therapy for FN, and AGs are as efficacious as CPFX in patients unresponsive to the initial therapy.”
“Studies of environmental and toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ideally performed with PCB mixtures reflecting the composition of environmental PCB profiles to mimic actual effects and to account for complex interactions among individual PCB congeners. Unfortunately, only a few laboratory studies employing synthetic PCB mixtures have been reported, in part because of the challenges associated with the preparation of complex PCB mixtures containing

many individual PCB congeners. The objective of this study was to develop a PCB mixture that resembles the average PCB profile recorded from 1996 to 2002 at a satellite station of the Integrated Galardin ic50 Atmospheric Deposition Network located at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago. Illinois, using commercial PCB mixtures. Initial simulations, using published Aroclor profiles, showed that a mixture containing 65% Aroclor 1242 and 35% Aroclor 1254 was a

good approximation of the target profile. A synthetic Chicago air mixture (CAM) was prepared by mixing the respective Aroclors in this ratio, followed by GC/MS/MS analysis. Comparison of the PCB profile of the synthetic Ganetespib price mixture with the target profile suggests that the synthetic PCB mixture is a good approximation of the average IIT Chicago air profiles (similarity coefficient cos theta = 0.82; average relative percent difference = 84%). The synthetic CAM was also a reasonable approximation of the average of 184 PCB profiles analyzed in 2007 at 37 sites throughout Chicago as part of the University of Iowa Superfund Basic Research Program (isbrp), with a cos theta of 0.70 and an average relative percent difference of 118%. While the CAM and the two Chicago air profiles contained primarily di- to pentachlorobiphenyls, higher chlorinated congeners, including congeners with seven or eight chlorine atoms, were underrepresented in the synthetic CAM. The calculated TCDD toxic equivalency quotients of the synthetic CAM (2.7 ng/mg PCB) and the IIT Chicago air profile (1.