Lantz et al. [8] applied this method to the attachment of FeNdBLa

magnetic microparticles to an AFM tip to increase the resolution of magnetic force microscopy. Using a microcolloidal probe, Berdyyeva et al. [9] revealed how the rigidity of human epithelial cells increases with age. Since the 1990s, the microcolloidal probe technique has become one of the most popular techniques for the measurement of surface forces, primarily due to the ease of the technical application, the ability to directly measure forces generated between the particle and various materials, and a more precise contact area than that afforded by a tipless probe. However, the minimum size of particles that can be attached to the AFM tip is approximately 1 μm [10], due mainly to the colloidal attachment process click here involving optical microscopes SBE-��-CD cost and the need to perform micromanipulation with limited resolution. Preventing contamination resulting

from the adsorption of glue on the surface of the sphere is crucial to successful attachment. Ong and Sokolov [11] sought to apply this colloidal attachment method to nanoparticles, by applying glue to the AFM tip; however, this approach resulted in the attachment of many nanoparticles at once. Vakarelski et al. [12, 13] developed a wet chemistry procedure to attach a single nanoparticle to the vertex of an SPM probe tip. Wang et al. [14] used an electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction to attach or grow a nanoparticle (14 ~ 50 nm) selectively on the tip of an AFM probe. Both of these

methods employed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as material-selective linkers. Okamoto and Yamaguchi [15] employed the photocatalytic effect of a semiconducting material (TiO2) to Idasanutlin ic50 deposit Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs; ranging in size from 100 to 300 nm) to the tip of an AFM cantilever. Unfortunately, controlling the position and size of these nanoparticles proved difficult. Hoshino et al. [16] introduced a nanostamp method to attach sub-10-nm colloidal quantum dot (QD) arrays to a Si probe; however, the number of QDs could not be effectively controlled. This paper proposes a novel method for picking up individual nano-objects (<4 nm) by directly attaching a 1.8-nm Au-NP to the vertex of an AFM tip without the need for surface modification. The Au-NP is attached Thalidomide through the selective application of short current-limited bias voltage between the Au-NP and the AFM tip. A combination of evaporation and electromigration deposition is used to transfer the Au-NP from the substrate onto the AFM tip in a controllable manner. Direct transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and indirect fluorescence intensity were used to verify that a single 4-nm QD was picked up by the Au-NP-modified AFM probe. This probe is applicable to the manipulation of individual protein molecules. Methods Materials The following reagents were used throughout the study: solution of 1.8-nm Au-NP (10 μM of Ni-NTA-Nanogold® in 50 mM MOPs, pH 7.