001; 2 = 0.55), TTSA (p < 0.001; 2 = 0.50), FSA (p = 0.005; 2 = 0.47) and HSA (p < 0.001; 2 = 0.59). Quartile 1 had a higher BM, TTSA and FSA, followed by quartile 2, 4 and 3, respectively. H, AS and HSA decreased from quartile 1 to quartile 4. The selleck products interaction between gender and the sports level was non-significant for all selected variables, but with a moderate-strong effect. Figure 3 presents the kinematic variations based on the sports level and the interaction between gender and the performance level. Gender had a significant but minimum effect on the SF (p = 0.003; 2 = 0.12). Remaining variables showed non-significant effects (i.e. SL; dv and; v). SF was higher in boys than girls in quartile 2 (p = 0.02) and quartile 4 (p = 0.04). The sports level did not have a significant effect on the SF and dv, but did so on the SL (p < 0.

001; 2 = 0.32) and v (p < 0.001; 2 = 0.64). Both SL and v decreased from quartile 1 to quartile 4. The interaction between gender and the sports level was non-significant for all kinematic variables and a moderate-strong effect was observed. Figure 3 Mean data comparison by sports level, and by sports level according to gender of kinematic selected variables. SF �C stroke frequency; SL �C stroke length; dv �C speed fluctuation; V �C swimming velocity. Solid lines represent ... Figure 4 presents the energetic variations based on the sports level and interaction between gender and the sports level. There was a non-significant gender effect on the p, SI and CV. The sports level did not have a significant effect on p, but did so on SI (p < 0.

001; 2 = 0.55) and CV (p < 0.001; 2 = 0.46). Stroke index and CV were higher in quartile 1, and decreased up to quartile 4. The interaction between gender and the sports level was non-significant for p, SI and CV. Figure 4 Mean data comparison by sports level, and by sports level according to gender of energetic selected variables. ��p �C propulsive efficiency; SI �C stroke index; CV �C critical velocity. Solid lines represent p �� 0.05 ... Discussion The aim of this study was to analyze the gender and sports level effects on young swimmers�� anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics. Overall the data showed neither a gender effect nor gender versus sports level interaction. However, a sports level effect was reported. Present data shows that there is no gender gap comparing swimmers with the same sports level.

Although the high-level swimmers significantly differ from lower skilled ones. Faster swimmers are taller, with higher AS and surface areas, higher SL, v, SI and CV. These features are positively related to young swimmers�� performance (J��rim?e et al., 2007; Vitor and B?hme, 2010). Research with young swimmers is not as common as for adult/elite counterparts (e.g. Schnitzler et al., 2011). Literature clearly reports the anthropometric, kinematic and energetic influence on adult/elite swimmers�� performance. Such Carfilzomib relationships are not so evident in their younger counterparts.