The technique involves the incremental application of precise and measured quantities of corona charge, Q(C), onto the dielectric surface followed by determination of the contact potential difference, V-CPD, as the material structure response. The V-Q characteristics obtained are used to extract the surface barrier, V-SB, response related to the applied corona charge. The described approach differs from the common noncontact method applied in the case of dielectric/silicon structures
where for each quanta of applied charge the value of surface barrier voltage, V-SB, is EX 527 Epigenetics inhibitor obtained. Materials with wide band gaps and high concentrations of deep levels, as suggested for silicon carbide, do not permit quick determination of V-SB by modulation of the band bending in the semiconductor with light. Light exposure in the case of SiC results in a long recovery time required to approach the nominal value of the preillumination V-CPD value. The metrology approach presented determines an intersection of the V-CPD-Q(C) characteristic
obtained in the dark with the V-ox-Q(C) characteristic representing the dielectric response. The specific V-SB-Q(C) dependence surrounding the reference V-FB value is obtained from this approach and enables the noncontact determination of the dielectric interface trap density and its spectrum. Application of the modified www.selleckchem.com/products/bromosporine.html metrology method to thermal oxide on n-type 4H-SiC demonstrates the modification of the D-it distribution by Fowler-Nordheim stress. In addition, an ability to quantify and separate trapped charge components is shown.”
“Purpose This systematic review was conducted to identify generic health related quality of life (HRQL) measures translated into Arabic, and evaluate their cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties.
Methods Six databases were searched, relevant journals were hand searched, and reference lists of included studies were reviewed. Previously established criteria were used to evaluate the cross-cultural
adaptation of the identified instruments and their measurement properties.
Results Twenty studies that reported the Arabic translations and adaptations of HRQL measures and/or their measurement properties were included in this review. The identified instruments were SF-36, RAND-36, WHOQOL-Bref, selleck screening library COOP/WONCA charts, EQ-5D, and QLI. Cross-cultural adaptations of all measures were of moderate to good quality, and evaluation of measurement properties was limited due to insufficiency of evidence. Based on cross-cultural adaptation evaluation, each instrument is more applicable to the population for whom it was adapted, and to other Arabic populations of similar culture and language specific idioms.
Conclusion This review facilitates the selection among existing Arabic versions of generic HRQL for use in particular Arabic countries.