, 2004, 2005a, b; Yaguchi et al., 2007; Alcazar-Fuoli et al., 2008). Based on this study and E. Van Pamel et al. (unpublished data), the question again arises whether A. fumigatus var. ellipticus is a variety of A. fumigatus or whether it warrants separate species designation. The latter was proposed by Kozakiewicz based on its unique conidial shape and ornamentation (Kozakiewicz, 1989). Frisvad & Samson (1990), on the other hand, suggest synonymy of all intraspecific taxa because of the high similarity in secondary metabolite profiles. Total DNA/DNA Lapatinib hybridisation (Peterson, 1992) and the

lack of observing a high degree of distinction between A. fumigatus and A. fumigatus var. ellipticus (Geiser et al., 1998) supported this conclusion. Rinyu et al. (1995) and Wang et al. (2000) also suggested considering it as a variety of A. fumigatus rather than as a separate species. For this purpose, Rinyu et al. (1995) carried out phenotypic and genotypic analyses, whereas Wang et al. (2000) analysed the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. In conclusion, this study indicates that it is feasible to make a distinction between A. fumigatus and A. fumigatus var. ellipticus by means of a restriction-based analysis of a rodA gene fragment with the HinfI restriction enzyme. In addition,

a combination of the method selleck chemicals llc developed in this study and Staab et al.’s (2009) PCR-RFLP method based on a benA gene fragment and the BccI restriction enzyme will allow rapid and easy identification of the closely related A. fumigatus, A. fumigatus var. ellipticus, A. lentulus, N. pseudofischeri

and N. udagawae. A rapid identification key such as this one, which is independent of expertise and/or sequence information, can be relevant from a clinical point of view. This research was funded by a PhD grant (IWT-SB/63435) of the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT-Vlaanderen). We are grateful to Ann Vanhee, Dr Hadewig Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) Werbrouck and Isabelle Dewaele for their excellent technical assistance and to Miriam Levenson for the language correction. “
“Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not typically susceptible to azithromycin (AZM) in in vitro tests, AZM improves the clinical outcome in patients with chronic respiratory infections, in which both the modulation of the host immune system and of bacterial virulence by AZM are thought to play an important role. However, there is currently little direct evidence showing the impact of bacteria pretreated with AZM on epithelial cells, which represents the first barrier to infecting P. aeruginosa. In this study, we pretreated P. aeruginosa with AZM and subsequently infected human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEs) in the absence of AZM. The results showed that AZM-pretreated P. aeruginosa (PAO1 and six different clinical isolates) significantly stimulated HBE cells to release IL-8, a crucial pro-inflammatory cytokine.