, 2008b). In this later study, the variability in recognition

could be attributed to internal processes, independent of the actual stimulus presentation, and varying degrees of attention. Along this line, we here presented further evidence supporting the claim that MTL neurons follow the subjective perception by the subjects, but in this case using ambiguous images representing competing stimuli—i.e., a morphed image that can be recognized as one person or the other—and modifying the actual perception by means of adaptation. The data come from 21 sessions in 10 patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy. Extensive noninvasive monitoring did not yield concordant data corresponding to a single resectable epileptic focus. Therefore, the patients were implanted with chronic depth electrodes for 7–10 days to determine the seizure focus for possible surgical resection (Fried et al., 1997). Here we report ATM Kinase Inhibitor chemical structure data from sites in the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex. All studies conformed to the guidelines of the Medical Institutional Review Board at UCLA and the Institutional Review Board at Caltech. The electrode locations

were based exclusively on clinical criteria and were verified by CT coregistered to preoperative MRI. Each electrode probe had a total of nine microwires at its end, eight active recording channels, and one reference. The differential signal from the microwires was amplified using a 64-channel Neuralynx system, filtered between 1 and 9,000 Hz and sampled at 28 kHz. Each recording session lasted about 30 min. Subjects sat in bed, facing a laptop buy Saracatinib computer on which images were presented. The stimuli used were chosen from previous “screening sessions” in which a set of about 100 different pictures of people well known to the subjects (along with several pictures of landmarks, objects, and animals) were shown for 1 s, six times each in pseudorandom order (Quian Quiroga et al., 2005 and Quian Quiroga et al., 2007). The pictures used in the screening sessions

were partially chosen according to the subject’s interests and preferences. After a fast offline analysis of the data, it was determined which of the presented pictures elicited responses in at least one unit. Between isometheptene 2 and 5 (mean: 3.14; SD: 0.65) pictures of individuals eliciting responses in the screening sessions were used in the adaptation paradigm reported here. To design the adaptation paradigm, tuned for each patient based on the obtained responses for the selected individuals (e.g., Bill Clinton, Jennifer Lopez), we chose a second person (e.g., George Bush, Jennifer Aniston) and for each stimulus pair (e.g., Bill Clinton and George Bush, Jennifer Lopez and Jennifer Aniston) we created 120 morphed images, going gradually from 100% picture A (Bill Clinton) to 100% picture B (George Bush).