, 2009). With respect to the IFN-γ induction profile, a profound differentiation could be made between strong IFN-γ inducers (strains B1836, B2261, the mixture of B2261 and B633, B633 alone and CBI 118) and poor IFN-γ inducers (B1697 and B223). This differentiation has been observed for other strains (Miettinen et al., 1998; Ongol et al., 2008; Vissers
et al., 2010), and was already detectable on day 1, being the most prominent on day 8. Activation of Th1 cells (rather than CD8+ T-cells and natural killer cells) is possibly responsible for this observation. Even though IL-12 production was low, IFN-γ induction and IL-12 production correlated on all tested days, as IL-12 and IFN-γ act synergistically. The differential cytokine RO4929097 chemical structure activity profiles were also observed when comparing the IFN-γ/IL-13 ratio in the unstimulated day 8 cultures with strains B1697 and B223 having a 5 ± 3 and 30 ± 0 ratio, respectively, PF-562271 order strain CBI 118
having a 188 ± 58 ratio and for all other strains, this ratio was between 250 and 355. This lower IFN-γ/IL-13 ratio for strains B1697 and B223 is mainly due to the lower IFN-γ induction and subsequent lower IL-13-inhibiting capacity. The percentage nonviable cells of αCD3/αCD28-stimulated cultures was in general higher than 50%, which is probably mainly caused by activation-induced cell death (AICD). AICD in T lymphocytes is the process Atorvastatin by which cells undergo apoptosis in a controlled manner after activation through the T-cell receptor by, for example, CD3 monoclonal antibodies (Green et al., 2003). Furthermore, often the trypan blue exclusion technique is used to analyze cell death, in which early apoptotic cells will not be visualized and cell death numbers are, therefore, lower compared with the use of an Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometric analysis. The polyclonal αCD3/αCD28 stimulus is widely used to provide all T cells with the required activation signals, with an optimum in proliferation and cytokine induction at days 3–5 (Jeurink et al., 2008). This could
explain why no difference was observed in IFN-γ induction between the control and the tested strains, as the effect of the strains is generally much weaker than the stimulus applied. However, the bacteria do have an effect on modulating this polyclonal stimulation with respect to some of the tested cytokines and proliferation, which strengthens the evidence that the bacteria can induce strong immunomodulating activities in vitro. The inhibition of IL-13 induction provoked by all tested strains was also observed for other strains in hPBMC cultures stimulated polyclonally using the lectin phytohemagglutinin (Niers et al., 2005) or the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (Pochard et al., 2002; Ghadimi et al., 2008).