Recent research www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html found a lack of support for restrictions on point-of-sale tobacco product marketing (Schmitt, Elek, Duke, & Watson, 2010). Therefore, effective tobacco control policy campaigns must build grass roots support (Cummings et al., 1991) to convince policymakers to enact legislation and to succeed with ballot initiatives or referenda. Thus, an understanding of the modifiable determinants of support for tobacco control policies is needed. Several studies have examined factors associated with support for policies. In terms of sociodemographic characteristics, support is more likely among females (Bernat, Klein, Fabian, & Forster, 2009; Doucet, Velicer, & Laforge, 2007; Hamilton, Biener, & Rodger, 2005; Osypuk & Acevedo-Garcia, 2010), racial/ethnic minorities (Doucet et al.

, 2007; Hamilton et al., 2005; Osypuk & Acevedo-Garcia, 2010), those with more education (Bernat et al., 2009; Doucet et al., 2007; Hamilton et al., 2005), and those with children (Hamilton et al., 2005). Findings regarding age have differed depending on the policy measure, with younger adults more likely to support a tobacco tax increase (Hamilton et al., 2005) and older adults more supportive of restrictions on advertising and promotion, increasing public education, and increasing environmental restrictions (Doucet et al., 2007). Findings have consistently demonstrated that smokers are more likely to oppose tobacco control policies (Ashley, Bull, & Pederson, 1995; Bernat et al., 2009; Blake, Viswanath, Blendon, & Vallone, 2010; Clegg Smith et al., 2008; Hamilton et al.

, 2005; Osypuk & Acevedo-Garcia, 2010; Poland et al., 2000; Quick, Bates, & Romina, 2009; Schumann et al., 2006). Also, knowledge of the negative effects of tobacco was associated with positive attitudes toward tobacco control (Blake et al., 2010). Finally, a longitudinal study showed that more negative attitudes toward smoking, measured both in adolescence and adulthood, predicted support for tobacco control policies (Macy, Chassin, & Presson, 2011). Importantly, however, Macy et al. (2011) used an explicit measure of attitudes, in which participants were directly asked to report their attitude. Although explicit attitudes have been shown to be important predictors of behavior in general (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977), they may not be sufficient for predicting support of tobacco control.

Explicit measures capture only attitudes that are in conscious awareness (and which individuals are willing to disclose). Brefeldin_A However, dual process models and supporting data have shown that both conscious, reflective processes and automatic associations are important predictors of behavior (Wiers & Stacy, 2006). Implicit measures reflect more automatic evaluative associations with the target object that are not under conscious control and are also less susceptible to social desirability concerns.