A usual intake of 20 g protein at least, probably just after physical exercise, is recommended as muscle sensitivity to amino acids may be increased after exercise.24 Another aspect is the amino acid content of the protein source, as leucine has been reported as an interesting stimulating factor for muscle protein synthesis. From the available studies, it is accepted that 2.0 to 2.5 g of leucine intake should be contained in the amino acid mixture.24 and 25 Some individuals may not be able to tolerate

exercise (eg, those with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, uncontrolled arrhythmia) or very high protein/amino acid supplementation (eg, nondialyzed late-stage kidney patients). As always, all treatment decisions are guided by clinical judgment selleck chemical and a full perspective of the patient’s health condition. In these situations, muscle electrical stimulation may be

an effective therapy to help alleviate muscle loss.186, 187 and 188 PROT-AGE recommendations on dietary protein and amino acid quality for older people • The list of indispensable amino acids is qualitatively identical for young and old adults. For older people, a high-quality protein is one that has a high likelihood of promoting healthy aging or improving age-related problems and diseases. Protein quality was traditionally defined by amino acid composition,

as measured by selleck kinase inhibitor an essential amino acid score or by the ratio of essential to nonessential nitrogen. It was believed that a high-quality protein supplied all needed amino acids in quantities sufficient to satisfy demands for ongoing protein synthesis in the human body; however, the definition of protein quality has evolved in recent years. Protein quality still considers amino acid content but also includes new concepts: digestibility and absorption of the protein, as well as newly recognized roles of specific amino acids in regulation of cellular processes.147 and 189 The following section reviews state-of-the-art understanding Isoconazole of protein quality and relates these concepts to practical aspects of protein intake by older adults. Nutritive amino acids were originally classified as essential (no endogenous synthesis pathway in humans possible) or non-essential (endogenous enzymatic synthesis possible). This simple classification did not take all physiological situations into account, so the classification was revised.190 and 191 Dispensable amino acids can be synthesized by the human body in sufficient amounts for all physiological situations. Indispensable amino acids are never synthesized in humans because enzymatic pathways are lacking; supplies must be provided from dietary sources.