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“Compared to the rest of the population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution due to normal and pathological ageing. The purpose of the present review was to gather data on the effects on respiratory health of outdoor air pollution in the elderly, on whom data are scarce. These show statistically significant short-term and chronic adverse effects of various outdoor air pollutants on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in the elderly. When exposed to air

pollution, the elderly experience more hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and higher COPD mortality than others. Previous studies also indicate that research on the Health effects of air pollution in the elderly has been affected by methodological problems in terms VX-680 cell line of exposure and health effect assessments. Few pollutants have been considered, and exposure assessment has been based mostly on background air pollution and more rarely on objective measurements and modelling. Citarinostat in vivo Significant progress needs to be made through the development of ‘hybrid’ models utilising the strengths of information on exposure in various environments to several air pollutants, coupled with daily activity exposure patterns. Investigations of chronic effects of air pollution and of multi-pollutant mixtures are needed to better

understand the role of air pollution in the elderly. Lastly, smoking, occupation, comorbidities, treatment and the neighbourhood context should be considered as confounders or modifiers of such a role. In this context,

the underlying biological, physiological and toxicological mechanisms need to be explored to better understand the phenomenon through a multidisciplinary approach.”
“The study concerns 130 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different raw-milk dairy products (122 isolates) and human samples (eight isolates). Four different typing techniques were applied: biochemical profiles (Biolog GP), restriction fragment length polymorphism of coagulase gene (coaRFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Moreover multiplex-PCR Selleck HIF inhibitor was used to study the distribution of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins. The results of this study reveal marked genomic and phenotypic variability among the tested S. aureus. The considered techniques were all found useful for strain typing, but, based on discriminatory power as the key parameter of the typing system, MLVA and Biolog GP were found to be the most powerful techniques. The methods showed little concordance in terms of discerning the clusters of related strains. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“SETTING: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) exposure before tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis is common, but its effect on outcomes, including mortality, is unclear.