As phantom limb and phantom body (ie, one’s own double) are conce

As phantom limb and phantom body (ie, one’s own double) are conceptually related phenomena,25 antagonistic behavior displayed by a single limb should perhaps not be regarded as principally different from that of a reduplicated figure of one’s entire body. An understanding

of the complexity of interactions between a person and his or her double will barely be possible without the preceding understanding of the Enzastaurin price mechanisms allowing a single hand to live a life of its own. Although there is no direct clinical or neuroanatomic evidence for a primary callosal pathology in cases of heautoscopy or its nonvisual precursors, it is not entirely implausible to assume an interhemispheric disconnection at the basis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of heautoscopic aggression. One thing is certain: more than anything else, it is the careful observation of neuropsychiatrie disorders from which we can learn about the relations between body Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and self. In the words of the French

novelist Marcel Proust (Le côté de Guermantes): “It is in moments of illness that we are compelled to recognize that we live not alone but chained to a creature of a different kingdom, whole worlds apart, who has no knowledge of us and by whom it is impossible to make ourselves understood: our body
Neurophysiologists used to view the basal ganglia mainly as structures for regulating voluntary movement. The recent neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, and functional Imaging literature, however, has Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical made It Increasingly clear that these subcortical structures are also Intimately Involved In regulating higher cerebral processes that control cognition, decision-making, the planning of complex behavioral strategies, and neuropsychiatrie symptoms.1,2 The frontal-subcortical circuitry provides a unifying framework Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for understanding the behavioral changes that accompany neurodegenerative disorders.3 In the past three decades, a

number of significant CHIR99021 clinical advances have been made in our understanding, not Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical only of the neuroanatomy, but also of the neurophysiology and chemoarchitecture, of the frontal-subcortical circuits.4 Parallelling this new understanding, an increasingly broad spectrum of neuropsychiatrie phenomenology is recognized as being interprétable in the context of frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction. A series of parallel segregated frontal-subcortical circuits are now known to link specific regions of the frontal cortex to the striatum, the globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN), and the thalamus, constituting an important effector AV-951 mechanism that allows the organism to interact adaptively with its environment.5 Impaired executive functions, apathy, and impulsivity are hallmarks of frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction. In a recent event-related functional MRI (fMRI) study, for instance, the authors concluded that the caudate nucleus and the putamen are particularly important, respectively, in the planning and the execution of a self-generated novel action.

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