Considering the unique characteristics of the sensors' signals, proposals for minimizing readout electronics were put forward. Considering minimal phase fluctuations in the measured signals, an adjustable single-phase coherent demodulation technique is introduced. This strategy constitutes a substitute for standard in-phase and quadrature demodulation methods. Utilizing discrete components, a streamlined amplification and demodulation front end was integrated with offset reduction, vector strengthening, and digital signal conversion managed by the microcontrollers' sophisticated mixed-signal peripherals. An array probe, comprising 16 sensor coils with a 5 mm pitch, was fabricated alongside non-multiplexed digital readout circuitry. This configuration facilitates a sensor frequency of up to 15 MHz, 12-bit digitalization, and a 10 kHz sampling rate.

For a controllable simulation of the physical channel, a wireless channel digital twin is a useful tool for evaluating a communication system's performance at the physical or link level. We propose a stochastically general fading channel model, accounting for diverse fading types across various communication settings within this paper. The use of sum-of-frequency-modulation (SoFM) effectively dealt with the phase discontinuity problem in the simulated channel fading. From this premise, a general and versatile channel fading generation architecture was engineered for implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). For trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, this architecture introduced enhanced CORDIC-based hardware circuits. This improvement produced a more efficient real-time system and optimized hardware resource use compared to traditional LUT and CORDIC techniques. By adopting a compact time-division (TD) structure, a 16-bit fixed-point single-channel emulation demonstrated a notable reduction in overall system hardware resource consumption, dropping from 3656% to 1562%. The classical CORDIC technique, moreover, presented a supplementary latency of 16 system clock cycles, but the improved CORDIC approach reduced latency by 625%. To complete the development, a generation process for correlated Gaussian sequences was designed. This process introduced controllable arbitrary space-time correlation into multiple channel generators. The correctness of the generation method and hardware implementation was unequivocally demonstrated by the output results of the developed generator, which were in complete agreement with the theoretical predictions. The proposed channel fading generator provides a means to simulate large-scale multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) channels, a task vital for modeling diverse dynamic communication environments.

Dim-small target infrared features, lost during network sampling, negatively affect detection accuracy. In order to reduce the aforementioned loss, this paper presents YOLO-FR, a YOLOv5 infrared dim-small target detection model. This model incorporates feature reassembly sampling, a technique that rescales the feature map without increasing or decreasing the current feature information. In this algorithm, an STD Block is implemented for the purpose of reducing feature loss incurred during down-sampling, achieving this by storing spatial information in the channel dimension. Subsequently, the CARAFE operator is utilized to increase the feature map size, without altering the mean feature values, guaranteeing that features remain uncompromised by distortions due to relational scaling. Furthermore, to fully leverage the intricate features derived from the backbone network, this study enhances the neck network. The feature extracted after one downsampling stage of the backbone network is merged with high-level semantic information by the neck network to produce the target detection head, which has a confined receptive field. Based on the experimental data, the YOLO-FR model, presented in this paper, achieved a noteworthy 974% mAP50 score, indicating a 74% performance gain over the original model. Concurrently, it outperformed both J-MSF and YOLO-SASE.

Multi-agent systems (MASs) featuring continuous-time linear dynamics with multiple leaders over a fixed topology are the subject of this paper's distributed containment control investigation. A distributed control protocol, dynamically compensating for parameters, is presented. It leverages data from both virtual layer observers and neighboring agents. Based on the standard linear quadratic regulator (LQR), the distributed containment control's necessary and sufficient conditions are determined. The configured dominant poles, achieved using the modified linear quadratic regulator (MLQR) optimal control and Gersgorin's circle criterion, facilitate containment control of the MAS, displaying a pre-determined convergence rate. Another significant benefit of the proposed design is its adaptability. In the event of a virtual layer failure, the dynamic control protocol can be modified to a static one. This adjustment still allows for controlling convergence speed, using the dominant pole assignment method combined with inverse optimal control. To exemplify the practical applicability of the theoretical results, numerical examples are presented.

In large-scale sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), the limitations of battery capacity and effective recharging methods present a persistent concern. Research into energy harvesting has discovered a method employing radio frequency (RF) waves, termed radio frequency-based energy harvesting (RF-EH), as a solution for low-power networks where conventional methods such as cabling or battery changes are not viable options. LGK-974 molecular weight While the technical literature addresses energy harvesting, it often does so in a compartmentalized manner, excluding the interconnectedness with the transmitter and receiver design. Thusly, the energy consumed during the transmission of data cannot be used concurrently with both battery recharging and the decryption of the information. In order to further develop these prior methods, we describe a method employing a sensor network operating within a semantic-functional communication structure for extracting information from the battery charge. LGK-974 molecular weight Additionally, we detail an event-driven sensor network, featuring battery recharging accomplished by means of the RF-EH technique. LGK-974 molecular weight To determine system performance, we undertook a study of event signaling, event detection, battery failure, and the success rate of signal transmission, factoring in the Age of Information (AoI). A representative case study is used to explore the relationship between key system parameters and their effects on the system, including battery charge behavior. The system's efficacy is demonstrably supported by the numerical data.

Fog nodes, integral to fog computing, are positioned close to clients to handle requests and forward messages to the cloud. Remote healthcare relies on patient sensor data encrypted and dispatched to a nearby fog node. This fog node, acting as a re-encryption proxy, re-encrypts the ciphertext, designating it for the intended recipients in the cloud. Data users can initiate access requests for cloud ciphertexts via a query directed to the fog node. The fog node in turn relays the query to the appropriate data owner, who maintains the right to grant or deny access to their own data. When the access request is authorized, the fog node will receive a unique re-encryption key that will be used for the re-encryption process. While some previous approaches intended to satisfy these application conditions, they either presented evident security flaws or resulted in elevated computational demands. Utilizing fog computing, this paper presents an identity-based proxy re-encryption scheme. In our identity-based mechanism, public channels facilitate key distribution, thereby circumventing the intricate key escrow dilemma. We formally validate the proposed protocol's security against the IND-PrID-CPA security model. Our research further shows enhanced computational performance.

Every system operator (SO) is daily responsible for power system stability, a prerequisite for an uninterrupted power supply. At the transmission level, it is paramount that each Service Organization (SO) ensures a suitable information exchange with other SOs, especially during contingencies. Yet, in the course of the last few years, two significant events caused the bifurcation of mainland Europe into two simultaneous zones. These events were precipitated by unusual circumstances, including a compromised transmission line in one instance and a fire interruption near high-voltage lines in the other. This study views these two events through the prism of measurement. We delve into the possible impact of estimation error in instantaneous frequency measurements on the resulting control strategies. For the study's requirements, five PMU setups are simulated, showing variability in their signal models, data processing protocols, and accuracy estimations, especially under unexpected or rapidly changing circumstances. We are seeking to confirm the accuracy of frequency estimates during the critical period of the Continental European grid's resynchronization. From this understanding, we can identify more appropriate conditions for the process of resynchronization. The idea centers on encompassing not just the frequency discrepancy between the two areas, but also incorporating the corresponding measurement uncertainty. The analysis of two real-world cases confirms that this approach will minimize the likelihood of adverse conditions, including dampened oscillations and inter-modulations, potentially preventing dangerous outcomes.

A fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave (mmWave) application is served by this paper's presentation of a printed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. Its benefits include a small size, effective MIMO diversity, and a simple geometric structure. The antenna's Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) functionality, uniquely designed to operate from 25 to 50 GHz, incorporates Defective Ground Structure (DGS) technology. The device's compact dimensions, at 33 mm x 33 mm x 233 mm in a prototype, enable its suitability for integrating diverse telecommunication devices for a multitude of uses. In addition, the mutual coupling among the elements profoundly influences the diversity aspects within the MIMO antenna configuration.