Furthermore, emotionally ambiguous stimuli such as neutral faces were attended to longer
by sad mood participants suggesting that perhaps these participants did not see the neutral faces as valence-free, which converges with the work of Leppanen et al. (2004), who reported a biasing of neutral faces in depressed patients and Bouhuys et al. in a sad-induced sample. Support for this finding can be found in the neuroimaging literature which points to elevated physiological activity of the amygdala for emotionally neutral stimuli (e.g., neutral faces) among sad or depressed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical subjects, possibly resulting in such subjects interpreting these stimuli as having emotional significance (Drevets 2001). On the basis of these Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical findings, we suggest that theoretical frameworks regarding altered cognitive processes in sad mood states need to accommodate attentional interference for both valenced and unvalenced words and faces.
Myelination is a fundamental biological process in the vertebrate nervous system development. The spiral wrapping by the oligodendrocyte (OL) produced myelin sheath serves not only as a protective layer for axons, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but also greatly facilitates the conduction velocity
of electrical impulse. Myelination deficits such as hypomyelination, delayed myelination, or demyelination can result in serious motor and cognitive problems seen in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The most common myelin-related Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disorder in premature infants is periventricular leukomalacia
(PVL). In this disorder, OLs are damaged and this often leads to hypomyelination or delayed myelination (Leviton and Gilles 1996; Blumenthal 2004; Volpe et al. 2011). As for multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin is attacked and destroyed by autoimmune response, resulting in demyelination and subsequent axonal degeneration (Miller and Mi 2007). As for mechanistic studies of hypomyelination, demyelination, and remyelination, in vitro Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical models are most suitable for such experimentation. At present, pure OL culture techniques have been well established and extensively used to investigate OL biology (Yang et al. 2005), or to study the mechanisms Selleckchem CFTR inhibitor underlying OL pathology selleck (Pang et al. 2010). As for myelin formation study, one of the most universally used myelination models is the co-culture of purified OLs with dorsal root ganglia cells (Wood et al. 1980; Schnädelbach et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2007). A significant disadvantage of this culture model is that the dorsal root ganglia cells are not CNS neurons. Although several myelination culture models such as the aggregated neuron-OL co-culture (Diemel et al. 2004), brain slice culture (Yang et al. 2011) and explants culture (Chen et al. 2010) from the CNS have been developed, limitations of these models are also noted (Merrill 2009).