H. pylori culture and genomic DNA extraction H. pylori culture

and DNA extraction were performed as previously described [30, 70]. Determination of MTase expression Genomic DNA from each strain was hydrolysed with 29 REases: AciI, AseI, BseRI, BssHII, BssKI, BstUI, DdeI, DpnI, DpnII, DraI, EagI, FauI, Fnu4HI, FokI, HaeIII, HhaI, HpaII, Hpy188I, Hpy99I, HpyCH4III, HpyCH4IV, HpyCH4V, MspI, NaeI, NlaIII, Sau3AI, Sau96I, ScrFI and TaqI. Digestions were performed according to Epoxomicin clinical trial the manufacturer (New England Biolabs, USA), in a reaction volume of 50 μl. A negative control, without REase, was performed for a set of reactions. The results were coded on a binary matrix, where “”0″” indicates digestion observed (DNA is unmethylated), MK-2206 cost and “”1″” indicates no digestion,

suggesting an active methyltransferase [30]. Statistical analysis For each MTase, a significance level of 0.05 was considered for the chi-square test, using the SPSS v.15.0. The chi-square test allowed to select MTases with an association with the origin of the isolates that were later used in logistic regression models. A Fischer test was performed to select MTases when the chi-square test was not valid (cells with expected counts lower than 5). The selected MTases were the independent variables (IV) in the logistic regression models. Multiple logistic regression used selected MTases as IV and a binary (dichotomous) dependent variable (DV) [71, 72]. We chose Africa and non-Africa strains as DV, since it is accepted that H. pylori co-evolved with man since the human diaspora out of Africa [2–4]. Considering that the majority of strains were from European origin, another model was run, with European and non-European strains as DV. IV was also dichotomic (expression and no expression of MTase). The logistic regression allows for determination of the most adequate, parsimonious Carnitine dehydrogenase and biologically reasonable

model describing the relation between the answer (or dependent variable) and the independent (or predictive) variable. Multinomial logistic regression models were also determined to analyze potential relationships between a non-metric dependent variable (four geographic origins) and metric or dichotomous independent variables and to compare multiple groups through a combination of binary logistic regressions [72]. The reference strain group was the African group, in Doramapimod agreement with the hypothesis of co-evolution of H. pylori and man [2, 3] or the European group, since it consisted in a larger sub-sample. Acknowledgements We thank Lurdes Monteiro and Sebastian Suerbaum for the H. pylori strains, Patrícia Fonseca and Rui Moreira for critical review of the manuscript, and Afonso Cavaco, António Belo and Dinis Pestana for helping on the logistic regression analysis. This work was partially supported by New England Biolabs, Inc. (USA). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Vale et al.