In the presence of urea, there were no significant difference in the survival levels of HLHK9 and urease mutant strains after incubation at pH 5 and 6 for 1 h, with viable click here counts of all strains declining slightly at pH 4 (Figure  3A). When the pH was further decreased to pH 2 and 3, the survival counts of HLHK9 reduced about 6-log, and the mutant strain could barely be recovered (p < 0.05) (Figure  3A). These demonstrated that the urease system has a contribution to the survival of L. hongkongensis at pH 3 and below. Figure 3 Survival of wild type L. hongkongensis HLHK9 and derivative mutants under

acidic conditions. Survivors were enumerated by plating serial dilutions on BHA plates. Error bars represent means ± SEM of three independent

experiments. An asterisk indicates a significant difference (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). A, KU55933 supplier Survival of HLHK9 and HLHK9∆ureA ��-Nicotinamide in the presence of 50 mM urea. B, Survival of HLHK9, HLHK9∆arcA1, HLHK9∆arcA2 and HLHK9∆arcA1/arcA2 in the presence of 50 mM arginine. C, Survival of HLHK9, HLHK9∆ureA, HLHK9∆arcA1/arcA2 and HLHK9∆ureA/arcA1/arcA2 in the presence of 50 mM each of urea and arginine. D, Survival of HLHK9, HLHK9∆ureA, HLHK9∆arcA1/arcA2 and HLHK9∆ureA/arcA1/arcA2 at pH 4, and at the indicated time points, in the presence of 50 mM each of urea and arginine. In vitro susceptibility of ADI-negative mutants to acid To study the role of the two arc loci of L. hongkongensis under acidic conditions, wild type L. hongkongensis HLHK9, HLHK9∆arcA1, HLHK9∆arcA2, HLHK9∆arcA1/arcA2 were exposed to different acidic pHs (pH 2 to 6) in the presence and absence of 50 mM of L-arginine, respectively. In the absence of L-arginine, survival of the three mutants were similar to that of HLHK9 at ≥pH 4, and they became susceptible at ≤pH 3 (data not shown). In the presence of L-arginine, wild type L. hongkongensis HLHK9, HLHK9∆arcA1 and HLHK9∆arcA2 survived well under all tested pHs, suggesting that the two copies of the arcA selleck gene performed complementary functions in L. hongkongensis (Figure  3B). On the other hand, the survival

of HLHK9∆arcA1/arcA2 decreased about 2-log at pH 4 (p < 0.05) and it was barely recovered at pH 2 and 3 (p < 0.01) (Figure  3B). This indicated that the ADI pathway played a crucial role in the survival of L. hongkongensis under acidic conditions. In vitro susceptibility of urease- and ADI-negative triple knockout mutant to acid Given the above results that both the urease and ADI pathway contribute towards the overall acid tolerance of L. hongkongensis, we constructed a triple knockout mutant strain HLHK9∆ureA/arcA1/arcA2 and compared its survival abilities with HLHK9, HLHK9∆ureA and HLHK9∆arcA1/arcA2 under different acidic conditions in the presence of 50 mM each of L-arginine and urea. The parental and mutant strains displayed similar susceptibilities at pH 5 (Figure  3C).