Lifestyle outcome expectancy (only asked from Wave 4, so is selleck Vorinostat only included in two of the three replications) was assessed by: ��If you were to quit smoking, would your ability to enjoy life be: improved a lot (5), improved a little, stay the same, made a little worse, or made much worse (1)?��. Overall attitude to smoking: ��What is your overall opinion of smoking?����: coded from 1 (very positive) to 5 (very negative). This can be thought of as an indicator of the balance between wanting to smoke and quit. It is included in this set of variables because it was found to a strong predictor of making a quit attempt in Hyland et al. (2006). Demographic variables Demographic variables included age (18�C24, 24�C39, 40�C54, and 55+ years), gender, country of residence (Canada, USA, UK, or Australia), and socioeconomic status as indicated by reported household income and highest level of education (see Hyland et al.
2006, for a full description of how education and income were derived). Tobacco dependence variables Dependence was assessed using the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI; range 0�C6). The HSI was created as the sum of two categorical measures: number of cigarettes smoked per day (coded: 0: 0�C10 cigarettes/day (CPD), 1: 11�C20 CPD, 2: 21�C30 CPD, and 3: 31+ CPD) and time to first cigarette (coded: 0: 61 min or more, 1: 31�C60 min, 2: 6�C30 min, and 3: 5 min or less). The HSI was then recoded into three categories of dependence: low: 0�C1, moderate: 2�C3, and high: 4�C6. Baseline smoking frequency was also included (daily and less than daily).
An additional indicator of dependence was length of the longest attempt ever (never, less than 1 week, 1 week to 1 month, 1 month to 6 months, and more than 6 months). We also assessed use of quit smoking medications on the last quit attempt (yes and no) and use of cessation services (Clinics, Quitlines, etc) in the last year, whether or not specifically related to the last quit attempt. Variables with a motivational component (not pure measures of motivation to quit: called ��motivation related�� here; four variables) A binary measure of whether the respondent had made a quit attempt in the previous year (i.e., before the predictor wave) with having done so indicating increased past motivation.
Self-efficacy, assessed by, ��If you decided to give up smoking completely in the next 6 months, how sure are you that you would succeed?��, with the options: not at all sure (1), slightly sure, moderately sure, very sure, and extremely sure (5). Self-efficacy estimates can include an assessment of perceived motivation to put in effort as well as capacity to do so. Intention to quit assessed Batimastat on a 4-point scale: planning in the next month (4), planning beyond 1 month but within 6 months, planning beyond 6 months, and not planning to quit (1).