Microbiological pollution usually takes place during single events that can hardly be predicted but requires a fast response. The GENESIS bathing water quality information system with its simulation tools is a prototype selleck screening library that serves this demand. Usually, bathing water monitoring data is available only fortnightly for selected beaches. Monitoring data does not provide sound spatio-temporal microbial concentration or pollution pattern. The model system helps to overcome this problem by visualizing spatial processes and their temporal development and enables users to take appropriate measures. The work was financially

supported by the EU Seventh Framework Programme project GENESIS (GENeric European Sustainable Information Space for Environment, No. 223996) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany within project RADOST (BMBF, 01LR0807B). “
“Population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns sea star (COTS), Acanthaster planci, remain one

of the major causes of coral loss and habitat degradation on coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific ( Grand et al., 2014). On Australia’s Great Barrier Reef (GBR), for example, outbreaks of A. planci are reported to be one of the major contributors to sustained and ongoing declines in live coral cover ( De’ath et al., 2012). There are also renewed and ongoing outbreaks of COTS Ku-0059436 clinical trial on many other reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific ( Rivera and Pratchett, 2012), which are causing widespread and often very significant levels of coral loss. Despite significant investment in addressing PtdIns(3,4)P2 both declining water quality and over-fishing, effective management of COTS outbreaks is limited by equivocal understanding of the proximal causes of outbreaks in different times and places ( Pratchett et al., 2014); given uncertainty about the proximal causes of outbreaks, the most immediate solution (if only a stop gap measure) is to directly control outbreak populations, through hand

collections of individual sea stars or in situ injections of toxic substances. The feasibility and effectiveness of large-scale (e.g., reef-wide) control programs has been continually questioned (e.g., Kenchington and Pearson, 1982) because it not clear that measures required to effectively protect small patches of reefs can be achieved simply by scaling up effort (e.g., number of diver hours) in proportion to reef area. There remain however; concerted efforts to kill and/or collect COTS in many locations throughout the Indo-Pacific ( Pratchett et al., 2014). Logically, the quicker and the more COTS are killed in a given reef with an outbreak population, the fewer corals will be damaged ( Birkeland and Lucas, 1990) and there will be reduced likelihood of successful fertilization once aggregations are broken up ( Cheney, 1973 and Bos et al., 2013).