Removal of the ITCa conductance also compromised offset firing, in that fewer APs were triggered (Figure 5G) but their latency remained as short as in the full model. Removal of both IH and ITCA (Figure 5H) confirmed that both conductances were necessary for the full physiological offset phenotype, with IH being the dominant conductance for the short-latency offset AP, while ITCa generated a slower depolarization, which increased the number

of longer-latency offset APs. To test this hypothesis in response to a physiological input, we used repetitive IPSPs evoked by electrical stimulation of the MNTB in vitro (Figure 5I; 100 Hz train for 100 ms) and consecutively applied ZD7288 and mibefradil. After bath application of ZD7288 (20 μM; 20 min) the membrane time constant slowed, offset firing declined, and latencies http://www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html increased (Figure 5J). Additional perfusion of mibefradil (2 μM) further suppressed offset firing (Figure 5K). Changes in the number and timing of offset firing were similar

to the respective changes observed selleck chemicals with current injections (Figures 5L and 5M). IH and ITCa modify offset firing in response to either current injections or IPSP activation, confirming that both conductances are physiologically relevant. This result emphasizes that the combination of a negative chloride reversal potential, a strong inhibitory input, and the subsequent activation of intrinsic conductances are important for the physiological function of the SPN neurons in generating offset APs, marking the

termination of a sound (Figure 6). The output of the MNTB-SPN circuit into Montelukast Sodium the auditory midbrain (IC) provides specific information for sound duration computation. Single-unit recordings in vivo show that MNTB principal neurons fire APs with short interspike intervals throughout any duration of sound stimulation and also showed that this is separated from ongoing spontaneous activity by a poststimulus suppression period of almost 50 ms (Kopp-Scheinpflug et al., 2008; Figure 7A). SPN recordings showed increasing numbers of APs in the offset response with increasing stimulus duration in vivo (similar to rat SPON (Kadner et al., 2006); Figure 7B) and also in vitro (Figure 7C) and consistent with increased availability of ITCa. For the shortest intervals (10 ms, Figure 7C, lower trace), offset firing resembled SPN responses after blocking IH (Figure 5), emphasizing the importance of this conductance for encoding stimulus durations in the SPN and suggesting that the minimum encodable duration will be set by the activation kinetics of the IH conductance. Indeed, recordings from HCN1 knockout mice (Figure 7C red traces) revealed HCN2-dominated, slow-membrane time constants and a vastly reduced ability to detect short intervals, with a minimum stimulus duration of 100 ms being required to trigger an offset AP.