The azoles are antifungals commonly used to treat yeast infections [23, 24, 27, 28, 34]. Although in C. SBE-��-CD in vitro albicans the lipid biosynthesis pathways are not well documented, in S. cerevisiae these drugs operate on the biosynthesis of ergosterol at the C-14 demethylation stage [27, 28], causing a combination of ergosterol depletion and the accumulation of lanosterol, along with other 14-methylated

sterols [27, 28]. LY411575 nmr Fenpropimorph, as the other morpholines, inhibits two reactions catalyzed by Δ14 reductase (an essential enzyme) and Δ7- Δ8 isomerase [27, 28], resulting in the accumulation of 24-methylene ignosterol in the plasma membrane [27, 28]. Another group of antifungals, the polyenes, in theory interact specifically with the ergosterol present on the plasma https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html membrane [26,

55], creating pores and concomitantly provoking plasma membrane physical and functional disruption, and thus cell death. In spite of the changes observed in ergosterol distribution, Cagup1Δ null mutant strain was as sensitive to polyenes as wt. Previous reports, suggest the possibility that polyenes interact also with other membrane lipids besides ergosterol [23, 24, 34]. In C. albicans the metabolism of the other lipids, namely sphingolipids and fatty acids, does not appear to be altered by the deletion of CaGUP1, as can be inferred from the susceptibly of the mutant to these lipids biosynthesis specific inhibitors (Ferreira, C., unpublished results). In a previous work, we found that the absence of ScGUP1 results in a defective cell wall composition and assembly, with a higher content in β-1,3 glucans and chitin, and lower fraction of mannoproteins [32]. By analogy, and since C. albicans Dipeptidyl peptidase and

S. cerevisiae cell walls are quite alike (with the exception of higher fraction of β-1,6 glucans on the former) [32, 56–58], one could considerer the possibility of Cagup1Δ null mutant cell wall also encompasses higher quantities of β-1,3 glucans. In C. albicans it was suggested a correlation between cell wall composition/architecture and resistance to azoles, hypha morphogenesis and virulence [59–61]. Namely, a putative role in azoles resistance on biofilm cells has been ascribed to β-1,3- glucans [61]. Nett and co-authors described cell wall architectural changes, and increased β-1,3 glucans content associated with fluconazole resistance [61]. Cell wall dynamics in C. albicans, underlie regulatory processes during the yeast-to-hyphae transition [59–63]. The ability to switch rapidly between these two forms of growth is a defining characteristic of C. albicans cells. Nevertheless, each form of growth provides critical functions required for pathogenicity/virulence [reviewed by [4] and by [5, 7]]. Namely, hyphae form is thought to facilitate host tissues invasion and escape from phagocytotic destruction [reviewed by [4] and by [5, 7, 64]].