The example of DLB suggests that this may not be so straightforward. The majority of cases of dementia in older people appear to be related to multiple and overlapping pathologies and this is reflected

in considerable clinical heterogeneity. Clinical syndromes such as “probable” DLB or AD are useful predictors of the predominant underlying disease process and are Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of particular use in planning treatment approaches. The new challenge is to devise better methods of determining the atypical and mixed pathology cases with greater accuracy, acknowledging the existence of clinical and biological overlap.82
Frustration over the fact that pharmacological treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD) can only provide the patient with symptomatic relief for a limited amount. of time (5-15 years) has stimulated clinicians and basic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical scientists to seek for alternative treatment, methods. Since the major contributing cause

of PD has been found to be the loss or dysfunction of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, an obvious treatment alternative would be to try to replace or protect Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the damaged DA neurons. This might, be achieved by transplanting new DA-producing cells and/or by providing the endogenous remaining DA neurons with protective agents such as neurotrophic growth factors. On the basis of positive results from numerous studies using animal models for PD, the first clinical transplantation studies for PD started in the mid-1980s and involved autologous transplantation of catecholamine-producing adrenal medulla cells.1,2 Previous basic animal research involving cell implantation had convincingly shown encouraging functional effects of intrastriatal grafts of DA-producing cells3-5 and these effects have since been confirmed in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a range of animal behavioral tests.6,7 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical It was shown that, the observed behavioral effects are dependent on the survival of DA-producing neurons within the CI-1033 purchase striatum, since the removal of transplanted tissue8 or an immune rejection of transplanted neurons9

reverses the transplant-induced behavioral recovery in animal studies. In addition, intrastriatal grafting in nondopamincrgic heptaminol tissues produces no behavioral effects.10,11 The results of the first clinical trials using adrenal medulla graft, proved to be quite disappointing because of the absence of any objective reductions in PD signs, which was believed to be partly due to very poor graft, survival. The scientific community, however, responded quickly to this disappointment by adopting the scientifically more sound approach of transplanting PD patients with DA neurons, which were obtained from aborted fetuses.12,13 These transplantation efforts have since continued as small open-label trials. The results from four centers in Sweden, France, USA, and Canada, including 26 patients, have recently been reviewed by Björklund et al,14 and the results of these trials have been reported in numerous publications.