The first aim of the scaffold should be to contribute to the maintenance of space for horizontally lost periodontal tissues; however, no material was found to fulfill this requirement and induce complete periodontal regeneration. Another point LY2109761 for successful periodontal regeneration is how to protect the regenerating tissue from infection by oral microorganisms. Periodontal tissue is the only apparatus in which soft and hard tissue attachments are exposed to the outside environment. In

skin tissue engineering, the same property is also required; nanofibrous polymer materials were developed to release low molecular weight antibacterial agents during degradation [38] and [39]. GTR/guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures have been shown to fail

when membranes were exposed to the oral cavity and became infected selleck [40]. To avoid contamination, multiple studies were conducted to incorporate antibacterial agents such as tetracycline hydroxide and metronidazole [41]. However, no such trial has been carried out to develop an anti-infective scaffold specially designed for periodontal regeneration. Further exploration of scaffold-based infection control methods may contribute to the elimination of bacteria, resulting in the successful generation of new tissue. The goal of tissue engineering and its application in generative medicine is the creation of functional tissues or organs. Therefore, it is important not only to generate hard and soft tissues in periodontal regeneration, but also to mimic the attachment of

both tissues. Cell-based tissue engineering requires both cells from an appropriate origin to create the target HSP90 organ and a 3-dimensionally designed scaffold that promotes cell–cell proximity and enhances self-assembly and tissue functions [42]. The ideal combination of cell and scaffold sources varies in relation to the target tissue to be created. Furthermore, recent advances in material science developed new feasible biomaterials and fabrication techniques, resulting in the creation of functional/bioactive scaffolds that can activate cellular functions. Recently, the term “biomimeticism” has been introduced in tissue engineering and refers to the creative initiation of various specific biological systems gaining inspiration from nature [43], [44] and [45]. It is also the case for adult stem cell therapy because these cells reside in specialized niches that coordinate self-renewal versus differentiation in vivo [46] and [47]. Thus, the mimicking stem cell niche is considered to facilitate self-renewal (proliferation) and differentiation both ex vivo and in vivo after transplantation.