The method used in the present work cannot discriminate afferent

from efferent signals; however, the firing rates from control rats are very similar to those reported by other authors [35, 36]. Increased activation of the parasympathetic branch and/or reduced outflow of the sympathetic branch have been suggested to be responsible, at least in part, for the insulin oversecretion. Thus, in the current work we suggest that autonomic dysfunction could be indirectly responsible Buparlisib order by the large fat pad accumulation in the SL rats, through the insulin lipogenesis action. The most important find in the present work, is the observation that ANS may be modulated by the low-intensity and moderated exercise training, even in rats ran until puberty, and rats that start to run CB-5083 at begin of adulthood that includes later stages of developmental plasticity. Interestingly, using the swimming training protocol at the same periods of life that were used in the present work, we showed that MSG-obese mice displayed the metabolic ameliorations, however it was more prominent in mice that began to swim at weaning and stopped to do it at the end of puberty or at 90-day-old. Swimming training protocol did not improve the metabolic changes in mice swam between

60- and 90-day-old, like as is observed in early stages of life [24]. In agreement with, it has been demonstrated that exercise applied immediately after weaning is able to improve the cognitive ability of rats and it is correlated with high neuronal density in the neurons of the hippocampal area [37, 38]. Concerning, in previous studies we reported that the puberty is one important phase of life in which metabolic changes can happen similar to those occur early in perinatal phases [19, 20], which can be an important window to either malprogramming

or deprogramming the metabolism. It is known that physical exercise is a potent attenuator of obesity, activating energy Selleckchem BAY 1895344 expenditure, Paclitaxel promoting lipolysis and increasing the consumption of fatty acids by peripheral tissues to reduce body fat deposits [39–41]. The peripheral metabolic adaptations promoted by physical exercise are activated by the hypothalamic neural pathways involved in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system [40]. Our data demonstrate that physical exercise was able to improve the imbalanced parasympathetic activity of SL-obese rats, which was observed to be closely associated with reduction on the fat pad deposition in these obese rats. Interestingly, beyond high vagus nerve tonus no difference was observed in sympathetic activity of these overfeeding rats. On the same line the improvement of vagus nerve tonus was able in ameliorate the disrupted glucose homeostasis and fat pad stores, independent of the time exercise training protocol had begun.