The predominant race of B. maydis is race O, which accounts for 79.7% of isolates. The frequencies of races C, T, and S were 5.0%, 10.0%, and 5.3%, respectively ERK inhibitor library [4]. Although recently released commercial hybrids are effective against this disease, it is desirable to identify more resistant inbred lines from different resources with diverse resistance genes, because more virulent B. maydis races have been found in commercial fields [4]. During the late 1980s, epidemics of Curvularia leaf spot (CLS) (Curvularia lunata [Wakker] Boed.) were a serious problem in maize fields in the northeastern and northern regions [5].

In recent years, this disease has occurred in maize fields all over the country and has been severe in regions such as western Liaoning province and central

Jilin province when weather conditions favored disease development [6] and [7]. Gray leaf spot (GLS) (Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon et Daniels) occurs in spring maize growing areas, but is a major problem for maize production in Yunnan province and is widely epidemic in northeastern China including Heilongjiang province, the largest maize production area in China [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] and [14]. Common rust (Puccinia sorghi Schwein.) is frequently observed in the spring maize growing areas. The incidence of this disease is severe in certain areas, but has not resulted in serious economic loss except in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. Prior to the 1980s, southern rust (Puccinia polysora Undrew) was one of the most important

maize diseases in southeastern China, but the occurrence of this disease GSK1120212 manufacturer has been limited due to reduction of planting area in this region. Since 2000, southern rust has become a serious problem in the summer maize growing regions and more than 10% of yield losses have been recorded in some hybrid lines. In 2007 and 2008, the disease was observed in the northern part of the summer maize growing region including Beijing, central Hebei province, and southern Liaoning province, suggesting that southern rust will become epidemic throughout the summer maize growing region C59 chemical structure as well as some spring maize regions. Foliar diseases occur mainly after the tasseling stage of maize, making them difficult to control with fungicides in the field. Thus, improvement of genetic resistance to the foliar diseases remains an important objective in maize breeding programs. Understanding of disease reactions is essential for parental selection and resistant hybrid development, as well as for mapping resistance genes [15], [16], [17] and [18]. In the past decades, growing resistant cultivars in most maize producing regions has effectively controlled some foliar diseases. However, severe yield losses have been incurred by new races of pathogens and changes of weather and planting density.