Therefore in this study, MAPK inhibitor we sought to determine if LytST is involved in regulation of lrgAB expression in response to glucose and oxygenation in S. mutans, and to elaborate on the contribution of LytST to cellular homeostasis and global control of gene expression. Results Effects of oxygenation and glucose metabolism on S. see more mutans lrg and cid expression

The LytST two-component regulatory system has been shown to positively regulate lrgAB expression in a wide variety of bacteria, including various staphylococcal [38–40] and Bacillus species [41, 42], as well as in S. mutans[37]. The conserved nature of this regulation in Gram-positive bacteria, combined with the known effects of LytST and

LrgAB on cell death/lysis [29, 38, 39, 43], biofilm development [21, 37, 38], and oxidative stress resistance [37], suggests that LytST and LrgAB are central regulators of physiologic homeostasis. However, little IACS-010759 is known about the environmental and/or cellular cues to which LytS responds. In S. aureus and B. anthracis, it has been shown that lrgAB expression is responsive to disruption of cell membrane potential in a LytST-dependent manner [41, 44]. However, we were unable to determine whether this regulation also occurs in S. mutans, as treatment with membrane-potential disrupting agents (gramicidin, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) did not have a measurable effect on membrane potential, as assessed by staining with DIOC2 (3) (data not shown). In previous studies, it was shown that oxygen and glucose metabolism have a pronounced effect on lrg and cid expression Ixazomib price in S. mutans, but the specific role of LytS, if any, in this regulation was not addressed [11, 37]. Therefore, S. mutans UA159 and its isogenic lytS mutant were grown under aerobic and low-oxygen conditions to exponential (EP) and stationary (SP) growth phases in media containing 11 mM or 45 mM glucose. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) was

performed on RNA isolated from cultures at each time point to assess changes in lrg expression (Figure 1). In UA159, stationary phase lrgAB expression was upregulated 365-fold relative to exponential phase when grown under 11 mM glucose and low-oxygen conditions (Figure 1A). Although mutation of lytS resulted in a severe loss of stationary phase lrgAB induction in cells grown in 11 mM glucose, lrgAB expression was not completely abolished. When grown under aerobic conditions and 11 mM glucose, stationary phase lrgAB expression was upregulated 2500-fold relative to exponential phase in the wild-type strain (Figure 1A), confirming previously-published observations that aerobic growth promotes lrgAB expression [11].