Therefore, it is believed that the present study is the first to obtain reproducible evidence for schoolchildren aged FDA-approved Drug Library 7 to 11 years. The use of CARDIOKID in other studies will allow for its improvement and the assessment of its effectiveness in measuring changes in knowledge after educational interventions. The questionnaire showed satisfactory validity and reliability (internal consistency and reproducibility), and was easy to apply and easy to understand, allowing its use in studies on healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases with
children of this age range. FAPICC (Fundo de Apoio à Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do RS/FUC à Ciência e a Cultura) and FAPERGS (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul)/CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). The authors declare no conflicts of interest. “
“The main aspect
of sickle-cell anemia (SCA) physiopathology is the vaso-occlusive crisis, also called a painful crisis, resulting from the polymerization of hemoglobin S that causes red blood cells to assume a “sickle” shape, resulting in the obstruction of small-caliber blood vessels, tissue hypoxia, necrosis, and severe see more pain.1 Among the consequences of red blood cell sickling are painful vaso-occlusive crises, stroke,2 and Montelukast Sodium chronic hemolytic anemia.3 Pulmonary complications account for 20% to 30% of deaths in adults with SCA, followed the pulmonary lesions
caused by upper airway (UA) obstruction.4 Regarding children with SCA, an important causal factor of airway obstruction is adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). Salles et al.5 observed a prevalence of 55.3% of obstructive ATH in children and adolescents with SCA. When this UA obstruction is associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), it can precipitate episodes of hypoxemia,6 increasing the risk of vaso-occlusive crises.7 The nocturnal arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation in SCA occurs in up to 83% of children with the disease, and may result from OSAS or pulmonary disease, or may be secondary to the decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S.8 Oxyhemoglobin desaturation is common during sleep, which is associated with hypoventilation and is exacerbated by UA obstruction;6 in patients with SCA, there may be increased risk for airway obstruction due to ATH.9 Factors that worsen UA obstruction are ATH and the craniofacial consequences caused by obstructive ATH itself, such as predominant mouth breathing; vertical, horizontal, and transverse maxillary alterations, incompetent lip seal; and unbalanced orofacial muscles, mainly the mandibular elevator and depressor muscles.