Trends Microbiol 2005,13(12):589–595.GW-572016 concentration CrossRefPubMed 13. Kobayashi H: Airway biofilms: implications for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections. Treat Respir Med 2005,4(4):241–253.CrossRefPubMed 14. Bollinger RR, Barbas AS, Bush EL, Lin SS, Parker W: Biofilms in the normal human large bowel: fact rather than fiction. Gut 2007,56(10):1481–1482.PubMed 15. Macfarlane S, Dillon JF: Microbial biofilms in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol 2007,102(5):1187–1196.CrossRefPubMed 16. AR-13324 price Palestrant D, Holzknecht ZE, Collins BH, Parker W, Miller SE, Bollinger RR: Microbial biofilms in the gut: visualization by electron microscopy and by acridine orange

staining. Ultrastruct Pathol 2004,28(1):23–27.PubMed 17. Swidsinski A, Weber J, Loening-Baucke V, Hale LP, Lochs H: Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol 2005,43(7):3380–3389.CrossRefPubMed 18. Zoetendal EG, von Wright A, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Ben-Amor K, Akkermans AD, de Vos WM: Mucosa-associated bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract are uniformly distributed along the colon and differ from the community recovered from feces. eFT-508 supplier Appl Environ Microbiol 2002,68(7):3401–3407.CrossRefPubMed 19. Swidsinski A, Sydora BC, Doerffel Y, Loening-Baucke V, Vaneechoutte M, Lupicki M, Scholze J, Lochs H, Dieleman LA: Viscosity gradient within the mucus layer determines the mucosal barrier

function and the spatial organization of the intestinal microbiota. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007,13(8):963–970.CrossRefPubMed 20.

Macfarlane S: Microbial biofilm communities in the gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008,42(Suppl 3 Pt 1):S142–143.CrossRefPubMed 21. Kleessen B, Blaut M: Modulation of gut mucosal biofilms. Br J Nutr 2005,93(Suppl 1):S35–40.CrossRefPubMed 22. Kleessen B, Kroesen AJ, Buhr HJ, Blaut M: Mucosal and invading bacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with controls. Adenylyl cyclase Scand J Gastroenterol 2002,37(9):1034–1041.CrossRefPubMed 23. Kleessen B, Hartmann L, Blaut M: Fructans in the diet cause alterations of intestinal mucosal architecture, released mucins and mucosa-associated bifidobacteria in gnotobiotic rats. Br J Nutr 2003,89(5):597–606.CrossRefPubMed 24. Macfarlane GT, Furrie E, Macfarlane S: Bacterial milieu and mucosal bacteria in ulcerative colitis. Novartis Found Symp 2004, 263:57–64.CrossRefPubMed 25. Pena JA, Li SY, Wilson PH, Thibodeau SA, Szary AJ, Versalovic J: Genotypic and phenotypic studies of murine intestinal lactobacilli: species differences in mice with and without colitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004,70(1):558–568.CrossRefPubMed 26. Pena JA, Rogers AB, Ge Z, Ng V, Li SY, Fox JG, Versalovic J: Probiotic Lactobacillus spp. diminish Helicobacter hepaticus -induced inflammatory bowel disease in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Infect Immun 2005,73(2):912–920.CrossRefPubMed 27.