When DN T cells were added to the MLR, proliferation of T-cell lines could be suppressed up to 60% (Fig. 1D). Moreover, we asked whether DN T cells are also able to inhibit effector functions of activated CD4+ T cells. As shown in Fig. 1E, the IFN-γ response of CD4+ T cells was strongly diminished in the presence of DN T cells. Together, these data clearly indicate that like their murine counterparts human DN T cells are able to suppress CD4+ and CD8+
T-cell responses. Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Tregs arise in the thymus, whereas inducible Tregs are generated in the periphery by various mechanisms 22, 23. The group of L. Zhang reported, that activation of murine click here DN T cells is essential for their suppressive function 11, 13, 19. Hence, we compared the capacity of resting, short-term (1 wk) and long-term GSI-IX clinical trial (5 wk) DC-stimulated DN T cells to directly inhibit immune responses. The data shown in Fig. 2A demonstrate that freshly isolated DN T cells are unable to mediate any suppressive activity toward responder T cells. In contrast, both short-term as well as long-term stimulated DN T cells completely abrogate proliferation of responder T cells. Of importance, DN T cells expanded with anti-CD3/CD28-coated beads showed a similar suppressive activity as DC-primed DN T cells
(Supporting Information Fig. 2). To verify these findings, we compared the regulatory function of DN T cells and naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Tregs. As shown in Fig. 2B, resting DN T cells failed to suppress responder cells, whereas APC-stimulated DN T cells and freshly isolated Tregs revealed a strong suppressive activity when anti-CD2/CD3/CD28-coated particles were used as stimulators. Of importance, eltoprazine when more potent stimulators such as allogeneic DC were used for activation of responder cells, CD4+CD25+ Tregs
failed to mediate any suppressor function, while APC-primed DN T cells were still able to suppress. In summary, our findings provide clear evidence that human DN T cells have to be activated to exert their suppressor function and therefore belong to the family of inducible Tregs. Recent studies have demonstrated that murine DN T cells eliminate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by Fas/FasL interaction or via perforin/granzyme 11, 13, 15, 19, 20. We have previously shown that human DN T cells express high levels of perforin and exert an antigen-specific cytotoxic activity against target T cells 12, 24. In addition, analysis of activated DN T cells also revealed expression of both perforin and granzyme-B (data not shown). Therefore, we hypothesized that human DN T cells may suppress T-cell responses by killing of responder T cells via perforin/granzyme. However, inhibition of secretion of perforin/granzyme via Concanamycin A (CMA) did not abrogate their suppressive activity (Fig. 3A). In addition, blocking Fas/FasL interaction by neutralizing anti-Fas antibody was also not able to inhibit DN T-cell-mediated suppression (Supporting Information Fig. 3A).