8 ± 1.6 30.2 ± 1.5 28.4 ± 4.9 Time 0.20   12 CrM 28.1 ± 3.5 28.3 ± 3.7 27.9 ± 3.3 G x T 0.44 MCHC (g/dl) 9 KA-L 33.0 ± 1.3 33.3 ± 0.9 33.2 ± 0.9 Group 0.73   12 KA-H 32.8 ± 0.9 33.3 ± 0.8 32.9 ± 0.6 Time 0.22   12 CrM 32.9 ± 1.1 32.9 ± 1.3 32.9 ± 0.8

G x T 0.68 RBCDW (%) 9 KA-L 13.0 ± 0.5 13.0 ± 0.9 12.9 ± 0.7 Group 0.34   12 KA-H 13.8 ± 1.1 13.7 ± 1.0 13.5 ± 1.5 Time 0.41   12 CrM 13.7 ± 1.4 13.7 ± 1.7 13.6 ± 1.6 G x T 0.92 Platelet Count (x103/ul) 9 KA-L 266 ± 45 266 ± 52 280 ± 45 Group 0.12 BI 2536 purchase   12 KA-H 253 ± 54 248 ± 62 269 ± 65 Time 0.32   12 CrM 222 ± 69 222 ± 74 216 ± 65 G x T 0.48 Values are means ± standard deviations. White and red cell whole blood markers were analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures. Greenhouse-Geisser time and group

x time (G x T) interaction p-levels are reported with Torin 1 order univariate group p-levels. Discussion The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementing the diet with recommended (1.5 g/d for 28-days) or creatine equivalent loading and maintenance doses of a purported buffered form of creatine (20 g/d for 7-days and 5 g/d for 21-days) was more effective in increasing muscle creatine retention, body composition, strength, and/or anaerobic capacity than supplementing the diet with creatine monohydrate (20 g/d for 7-days and 5 g/d for 21-days). Additionally, the study was undertaken to determine whether supplementing the diet with recommended or equivalent creatine doses of a purported buffered form of creatine was associated with fewer side effects in comparison to creatine monohydrate. Results of the present study clearly show that supplementing the diet with a

purported buffered form of creatine is not a more efficacious and/or a safer form of creatine to consume than creatine monohydrate. According to product claims [28, 30], KA is “up to ten times more powerful than ordinary Creatine”. The rationale for this contention is based on experiments fantofarone reported in a patent [29] and/or on the manufacturer’s website [28, 30] which indicates that KA has less conversion of creatine to creatinine in fluid over time compared to creatine monohydrate. This is despite the fact that studies show that creatine monohydrate is not significantly degraded to creatinine during the normal digestive process and MLN2238 in vitro nearly 99% of creatine monohydrate that is orally ingested is either taken up by tissue or excreted in the urine [1–3, 18, 21]. Because of this fact, an accepted method of assessing whole body creatine retention has been to subtract daily urinary creatine excretion from daily dietary intake of creatine [32, 33, 45–47]. Additionally, while it is true that generally the lower the pH and higher the temperature, the greater conversion of creatine to creatinine, studies show that this process takes several days to occur at significant levels even when creatine is exposed to low pH environments [1, 19, 48].