In Brazil, there have also been some measures taken with regard to the smart grids, for example, The Center for End-user Monitoring (CMUF) [12]. The aim of the CMUF is to assist people in monitoring electric energy consumption in real time and in incorporating a low-cost system. However, the main limitations that were found in CMUF are as follows: (i) to not to integrate into the platform a method of novelty detection in the monitored environment; and (ii) due to its centralized nature, the system might be vulnerable to data overload.The work that most closely resembles our proposal is that of [11]. The researchers propose a smart meter for the measurement of electric energy in a residential dwelling. The meter carries out the monitoring of the electricity by showing which pieces of equipment in the dwelling consume the most energy.
In spite of its similarities, the smart meter has the following drawbacks: (i) the platform does not use a method for novelty detection in the electric equipment; and (ii) it does not use a cloud server to assist in information management.3.?Remote Monitoring System for Energy Consumption in a Residential DwellingThis section outlines our proposal for the remote monitoring of electric energy consumptio
Underwater acoustic communication has been under research for at least half a century now. One of the first underwater communication devices was the underwater phone, developed for the US Navy after World War II [1].During the last decade, this form of communication has received increasing attention, owing to its many scientific, military and commercial applications.
These applications range from tactical surveillance to the study of marine life and include unmanned vehicle communication, pollution monitoring, oil extraction monitoring and aquiculture monitoring.Electromagnetic waves, optical waves and acoustic waves have been successfully used in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) [2,3]. Nevertheless, radio frequency (RF) waves are affected by high attenuation in water (especially at higher frequencies) [2], thus requiring high transmission power and large antennae [4]. Optical waves can be used to achieve ultra-high-data-rate communications (Gbit/s), but are rapidly scattered and absorbed in water, so they are only reliable for short-distance links [2].
In contrast, acoustic waves enable communications over long-range links, because they suffer from Dacomitinib relatively low absorption. Thus, this is the preferred technology to develop reliable UWSNs [3] and is the main focus of this paper. In [5], the characteristics of the acoustic underwater channel and the difficulties in underwater communication are discussed. The differences between acoustic and radio-based communication open a new research field in UWSNs.