The earliest report of CA-MRSA infections involved indigenous people living in remote communities in the sparsely populated Kimberley region of Western Australia (WA) [20]. Approximately 50% of Dinaciclib nmr the people in this region are indigenous, many of whom live in poor socioeconomic conditions. Infected skin lesions and staphylococcal sepsis occur frequently and empirical antistaphylococcal therapy is often prescribed. Colloquially known as “”WA-MRSA”", the early isolates have a similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern and have subsequently been characterized as a single clone; PVL-negative WA5 (ST8-IV/spa t008) [21]. By 2006 22 CA-MRSA clones were identified in WA, with PVL-negative WA 1 (ST1-IV [2B]/t127)

replacing WA5 as the predominant clone [22]. At this time CA-MRSA from indigenous people

living in remote areas outside of WA were reported in the Northern Territory [23], Queensland [24] and Central Australia [25]. As may be expected in a geographically large country with relatively few dense concentrations of population, often separated by large areas of desert, different CA-MRSA clones evolved in these Ilomastat cost communities. In 1982 colonization or infection with MRSA became a notifiable condition in WA. For infection control Talazoparib concentration purposes all MRSA isolated in the state since 1997 have been referred to the Australian Collaborating Centre for Enterococcus and Staphylococcus Species (ACCESS) Typing and Research where based on O-methylated flavonoid molecular markers they are characterized as either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA [26]. Although a state-wide policy of screening all patients and healthcare workers who have lived outside the state for MRSA has prevented HA-MRSA from becoming endemic in Western Australian hospitals, it has not prevented CA-MRSA from becoming established in the community. In WA the public health system is divided into two metropolitan health regions and seven country health regions. The state encompasses an area of 1.02 million square miles and has a population of approximately 2.24 million people. In 1983, the overall rate of MRSA notifications

was 10 per 100,000 persons in the rural country health regions and 7/100,000 in the metropolitan regions [27]. By 2006 notifications rates throughout the state had increased to 179/100,000 persons of which 144/100,000 were CA-MRSA. In the metropolitan health regions the CA-MRSA notification rate was 134/100,000 whilst in the Kimberley health region the CA-MRSA notification rate had increased 40-fold to 391/100,000 [18]. CA-MRSA is thought to emerge when a locally prevalent strain of methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) acquires a SCCmec element and utilizes mobile genetic elements and single nucleotide polymorphisms to establish local and geographic niches [28]. As WA is a remote region in which all MRSA isolates are referred to a central typing laboratory it is an ideal environment to study the emergence and evolution of CA-MRSA.