On average, someone has a stroke every 40 seconds. The gaps for patients diagnosed with a stroke are the availability

of physicians who specialize in stroke care and access to evidence-based stroke care. Telemedicine has assisted in bridging this gap to provide effective stroke treatment. The purpose of this article is to describe how the implementation selleck screening library of a hub and spoke model using telemedicine has assisted in increasing patient access to neurology expertise and receiving evidence-based treatment of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, thereby improving patient outcomes. Cindy Murray, Elizabeth Ortiz, and Cay Kubin The purpose of this article is to present an option for a model of care that allows small rural hospitals to be able to provide specialty physicians for critical care patient needs in lieu of on-site critical care physician coverage. A real-time, 2-way audio and video remote presence robot is used to bring a specialist to the bedside to interact with patients. This article discusses improvements in quality and finance outcomes as well as care team and patient satisfaction associated with this model. Discussion also includes expansion of the care model to the emergency department for acute stroke care. Kristine K. Powell and Rita J. Fowler This article describes the Baylor Health Care System (BHCS) approach to decreasing sepsis-related mortality within a large complex adaptive health care BAY 80-6946 purchase system. BHCS implemented

sepsis care improvement initiatives based on the Surviving Sepsis Campaign early goal directed therapy guidelines. By adhering to rigorous process improvement and evidence-based practice principles, BHCS has demonstrated improvements in sepsis care processes and a significant reduction in sepsis mortality. Amy Veenstra and Emylene Untalan Surgical patients with known or unknown obstructive sleep apnea are at increased risk for postoperative complications. By implementing evidence-based practices and a validated screening tool, the postoperative surgical patients at the authors’ hospital have L-NAME HCl a decreased risk of postoperative complications, specifically oversedation.

This article discusses the pathophysiology, prevalence, risk factors, care of the postsurgical patient, and use of the validated STOP-Bang questionnaire with obstructive sleep apnea as the focus. Ryan Beseda, Susan Smith, and Amy Veenstra Providing evidence-based care to patients with return of spontaneous circulation after a cardiac arrest is a recent complex innovation. Once resuscitated patients must be assessed for appropriateness for therapeutic hypothermia, be cooled in a timely manner, maintained while hypothermic, rewarmed within a specified time frame, and then assessed for whether hypothermia was successful for the patient through neuroprognostication. Nurses caring for therapeutic hypothermia patients must be knowledgeable and prepared to provide care to the patient and family.

Among other things, angio-MR is playing an increasingly important role in pre-revascularisation

assessments of the vascular tree because the new-generation coils make it possible to obtain panoramic views from the intracranial circulation to the plantar arch and avoid the use of nephrotoxic contrast media. MR is highly sensitive and specific in the various vascular districts, and its performance is similar to that of standard angiography at the level of the iliac aorta, the femoro-popliteal find more axis and the renal and carotid arteries. Its main limitations are related to venous contamination of the foot, the lack of information concerning the type of plaque causing the stenosis/obstruction (calcified, lipid or fibrous), the absence of signal in the presence of ferromagnetic artefacts (metal stents and arthroprostheses) and the general contraindications to MR such as pacemakers, claustrophobia,

etc [70]. Multilayer angio-CT is currently considered the gold standard in most vascular districts, where its sensitivity and specificity are similar to those of arteriography. It optimally characterises the type of plaque causing the stenosis/obstruction and therefore makes it possible to choose the most suitable technique and material for each individual procedure, and it provides more information than MR concerning the surrounding parenchyma and the presence of associated co-morbidities. Furthermore, technological advances have reduced acquisition times to a minimum (a few seconds) and reduced the radiation Crizotinib concentration dose to acceptable levels. The main limitation of angio-CT is the use of the iodinated contrast media: these may be nephrotoxic in this category of patients, especially as it is PTK6 followed

by endovascular treatment using arteriography, which uses the same type of contrast [71] and [72]. • PAD should be suspected and assessed in all diabetic subjects with foot ulcers. There are currently no published data concerning any medical treatment of PAD other than revascularisation. However, it is important to correct any modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, especially perioperatively and during the follow-up. Prostanoid treatment (i.e., the intravenous infusion of a stable prostacyclin (PGI2) analogue such as iloprost/Alprostar for 3–4 weeks) is not an alternative to peripheral revascularisation in diabetic patients with PAD [73]. For ethical reasons, no randomised clinical trials have been carried out in order to compare the efficacy of prostanoid treatment with that of surgery in patients with critical ischaemia. However, it is important for relieving pain while awaiting surgical revascularisation, improving post-revascularisation perfusion and improving the patients’ quality of life [74].

The CRP preparation contained two very faint bands on either side of the 94 kD marker, in addition to CRP (Fig. 1b). These other proteins comprised less than 1% of the total protein and their presence is not surprising because several chromatographic steps required to remove traces of other proteins

in preparing the most highly purified CRP (de Beer and Pepys, 1982, Hawkins et al., 1991 and Carlucci LGK-974 supplier et al., 2010) were not possible in the present pharmaceutical GMP procedure. The trace higher molecular weight proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, using mass spectrometry of trypsin digested fragments of the bands excised from the SDS‐PAGE. The lower mass band was the μ heavy chain of IgM and the higher mass band was plasmin/plasminogen (data not shown). The very faint trace bands

of mass lower than the SAP and CRP protomers are characteristic cleaved fragments of the protomers which are derived from intact pentameric pentraxins when they are reduced and denatured; they are invariably Caspase cleavage present in pentraxins isolated from ex vivo human material. No SAP was detected in the CRP preparation and no CRP was detected in the SAP preparation, which were tested at 3.0 and 1.5 mg/mL respectively using assays which in both cases detected the other pentraxin at 1 μg/mL ( Nelson et al., 1991 and Shine et al., 1981). The authentic covalent structures of the protomers of each pentraxin were confirmed by ESIMS, with average molecular masses (SD) (n = 3) of 25,462.64 (0.39) for SAP and 23,027.46 (0.52) for CRP, corresponding exactly to the predicted masses for their respective amino acid sequences, plus glycan in the case of Glutathione peroxidase SAP (Pepys et al., 1994) and with N‐terminal PCA in CRP ( Oliveira et al., 1979). Integrity of the authentic native non‐covalent pentameric assembly of each protein was confirmed by gel filtration chromatography, which also showed the absence of any aggregation or dissociation into free protomers ( Fig. 2). The same result was obtained with the SAP preparation in non‐denatured gradient PAGE ( Fig. 3). Unlike the 4-30% gradient gels in Tris glycine we have previously used (

de Beer et al., 1982) but which are no longer available, human CRP does not form a discrete band in the present system. Functional activity of the proteins was confirmed by their reproducible, 100%, strictly calcium dependent binding to phosphoethanolamine-Sepharose beads (not shown). Furthermore these human proteins had the expected plasma clearance half life of ~ 3-4 h after intravenous injection into normal wild type C57BL/6 mice (Baltz et al., 1985 and Hawkins et al., 1988a) (shown for SAP in Fig. 4; not shown for CRP). This is a very sensitive test for structural and functional integrity of plasma proteins as even extremely subtle alterations, which may be undetectable by in vitro biophysical and biochemical methods, cause accelerated clearance of plasma proteins from the circulation in vivo.

007), III-IV of TNM stage (HR, 1.727; 95% CI, 1.183-2.520; P = .005) and AST > 40 U/l (HR, 1.888; 95% CI, 1.391-2.563; P < .001) were independent predictors

for DFS ( Table 3). High NLR (HR, 1.639; 95% CI, 1.212-2.218; P = .001), size of tumor > 5 cm (HR, 1.922; 95% CI, 1.168-3.162; P = .010), III-IV of TNM stage (HR, 1.806; 95% CI, 1.236-2.638; P = .002), and AST > 40 U/l (HR, 1.916; 95% CI, 1.415-2.595; P < .001) were independent predictors for OS ( Table 3). We established a preoperative prognostic score model by calculating the number of independent predictors (NLR, size of tumor, TNM stage, and AST) for each patient. Each factor was allotted a score of 1, and then patients were divided into five categories by selleck compound their risk scores (RSs) (0, 1, 2, 3, Dasatinib and 4). For example, “RS = 0” means patients without any of the above factors; this group occupied 8.59% (22 of 256). “RS = 4” means patients with all four factors; it occupied 26.56% (68 of 256) of patients carrying all four factors (Figure 3). Because no significant difference were observed in DFS and OS between patients whose RS equals 0 or 1 (Figure 3, A

and C; P = .132 and P = .145, respectively), these patients were merged as score ≤ 1 group. By combining four independent predictors, patients with different RSs showed distinguishable DFS (RS ≤ 1 vs RS = 2, P < .001; RS = 2 vs RS = 3, P = .037; and RS = 3 vs RS = 4, P < .001) ( Figure 3B) and OS (RS ≤ 1 vs RS = 2, P < .001; RS = 2 vs RS = 3,

P = .015; and RS = 3 vs RS = 4, P < .001) ( Figure 3D). Surprisingly, the proportion of patients with HCC with RS = 4 was very high, occupying 26.56% (68 of 256) of total patients ( Figure 3A). The DFS and OS in 68 patients with a score of 4 decreased sharply, and all these patients showed much shorter DFS and OS. Experimental and clinical data indicate that chronic inflammation significantly contributes to cancer development. The presence of systemic inflammation is associated with poor survival in certain tumors [15]. Inflammation can promote all stages of tumor development through multiple mechanisms, Selleckchem 5FU which include predisposing tumor cell to proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, induction of DNA mutations, and promotion of angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis [19]. The prognostic value of some systemic inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein [15] and NLR have been investigated in tumor patients. Inflammatory environments can accelerate the progression of metastasis by neutrophi- mediated mechanisms [20]. NLR reflects an inflammatory status; a preoperatively high ratio is most likely to reflect more aggressive disease and hence represents poorer outcome. Patients with tumor and elevated NLR have a relative lymphocytopenia and neutrophilic leukocytosis, which denote that the balance is tipped in favor of protumor inflammatory response leading to poor oncologic outcome.

sativum seed, stem, leaf and whole plant were collected. 30 mg of each extract was weighed and dissolved in 3 ml of DMSO solution and mixed well. This extract was further used. A clean 96-well plate was taken. 150 μl of phosphate buffer and 20 μl of glutathione solution were added to blank and sample wells. 20 μl of phosphate buffer and 20 μl of plant extract were added to blank and sample wells, respectively. Reaction was initiated

by adding 10 μl of CDNB to both Androgen Receptor activity the wells and mixed well. The absorbance was read at 340 nm up to 5 min with an interval of 1 min using plate reader at 250 °C. Change in absorbance per minute was calculated using the following formula [13] Delta absorbance 340 nm/min=A340(time 2)−A340(time 1)time 2(min)−time 1(min) GST activity (nmol/ml/min)=Delta PLX4032 clinical trial absorbance 340 nm/min×total volume of assay system (0.2 ml)×sample dilution0.00503 μM−1×original volume of enzyme taken for analysis (0.02 ml)0.00503 μM−1 = extinction coefficient of CDNB at 340 nm. The actual extinction coefficient for CDNB is 0.0096 μM−1 cm−1. The value has been adjusted to the path lengths of the solution in the well. Ethanolic extracts of L. sativum seed, stem, leaf and whole plant were collected. 30 mg of extract was weighed and dissolved in 3 ml of DMSO solution and mixed well. This extract was used further. 100–400 μl of glutathione standard

solution was pipetted in different test tubes and the final volume was made up to 1 ml. 3 ml of Methocarbamol phosphate buffer was added and mixed well. 0.5 ml of DTNB was added to all the tubes and incubated

at room temperature for 5 min. Absorbance was taken at 412 nm within 10 min 100 μl of extract was treated as above and the absorbance was taken at 412 nm. Blank tubes having all the reagents except glutathione solution and the extract were also included. Graph was plotted using glutathione concentration in X-axis and absorbance at 412 nm in Y-axis and the glutathione content in plant extract was found out using standard graph [4]. Ethanolic extracts of L. sativum seed, stem, leaf and whole plant were collected. Various concentrations of the extracts (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11) in 1 ml of water were mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 ml, 0.2 mol, pH 6.6) and1% potassium ferricyanide (2.5 ml). The mixture was incubated at 50 °C for 20 min. Aliquots of trichloroacetic acid (2.5 ml, 10%) were added to the mixture. Centrifuge the mixture at 3000 × g for 10 min. Upper later of solution (2.5 ml) was mixed with distilled water (2.5 ml) and freshly prepared ferric chloride solution (0.5 ml, 0.1%). The absorbance was measured at 700 nm [12]. Pipette out 5 ml of standard ascorbic acid in a conical flask. To this add 10 ml of 4% oxalic acid place in an ice bath and titrate against the dye in a burette. The end point is the appearance of pale pink colour.

It is well-known that the bicarbonate/carbon dioxide pair, the presence of which is important in maintaining physiological pH in http://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html extracellular body fluids, can accelerate the transition metal ion-catalysed oxidation of various biotargets. Despite of its relevance, however, most of the mechanisms that

have been proposed to account for this important effect remain controversial [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and [21]. On the other hand, it is accepted that the bicarbonate/carbon dioxide pair can increase peroxynitrite-mediated one-electron oxidation and nitration via formation of the carbonate radical and nitrogen dioxide [22] and [23]. In this context, the

unequivocal demonstration by EPR that the reaction between peroxynitrite and carbon dioxide produces CO3•−[24] is strong evidence for the involvement of this radical in bicarbonate/carbon dioxide pair-stimulated peroxidations. Although less oxidizing than the •OH (Eo = 2.3 V, pH Antidiabetic Compound Library manufacturer 7.0) [5], [6] and [7], the carbonate radical is a strong one-electron oxidant (Eo = 1.8 V, pH 7.0) [5], [6] and [7] which, in contrast to the former, does not add to biomolecules. Since the carbonate radical is more specific than the hydroxyl radical, it may increase oxidation/nitration of particular biotargets [11], [22] and [25]. In addition to the above, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the carbonate radical is the major diffusible oxidant resulting from the peroxidase activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase [26] and [27]. However, although this enzyme has received considerable research DOK2 attention in recent years by virtue of its potential relationship with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it is still unclear whether the immediate precursor of the carbonate radical is bicarbonate [19] and [26], carbon dioxide [14] and [30]

or peroxymonocarbonate (HCO4−) [27], [28] and [29]. Strong evidence for the involvement of peroxymonocarbonate in the formation of CO3•− derives from kinetic studies of bovine serum albumin (BSA-cysSH) and glutathione (GSH) peroxidation in the presence of bicarbonate [25], and the demonstration that the formation and reduction of peroxymonocarbonate is facilitated by the many metal centres of xanthine oxidase [31]. Copper-catalysed, hydrogen peroxide/bicarbonate-induced oxidative damage to proteins is also believed to be associated with the production of the carbonate radical [11]. Although initial studies employed Cu(II) chloride as a model of the copper complex, other investigations have revealed that the ligand environment around the Cu(II) ion is extremely important in determining the oxidative damage to biomolecules caused by the endogenous metal complexed with aqua-ligand, organic ligands or protein [32], [33] and [34].

Thus, the objective is to verify the relation between violence against women Selleckchem 3MA during pregnancy in developed countries and developing countries. It was performed a systematized review of published articles about violence against women during pregnancy in electronic databases previously selected. The qualitative approach was elected whereas other methods as: meta-analysis (a) relevant information for the calculation and result of the sample cannot

be measured by restricting the amount of studies; (b) the definition of “violence” has many different interpretations among the studies involved in the sample, it makes difficult to establish a statistical parameter among the various studies. It was performed a research in the literature through online databases Medical Literature Analysis Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor and Retrieval Systen Online (MEDLINE) and Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO),

limited to articles published between January 1, 2003 and November 30, 2013. The reason to limit this search to aforesaid interval was because during this period, It was noticed an intensification of studies about violence against women, and such fact passed to be the focus of attention in the Politics of Integral Attention to Women’s Health. Initially, the following descriptors were used to search in the MEDLINE database: 1. “domestic violence” (Medical

Subject Headings [MeSH]); 2. “violence against women” (Health Sciences Descriptors [DeCS]); and 3. “pregnancy” Liothyronine Sodium (key word). The research conducted were 1 AND 2, 3. Beyond the MeSH descriptor, it was chosen to include the descriptor in health sciences “violence against women” and the keyword “pregnancy” on search strategy, since, they are not part of the list of MeSH descriptors, and they delineate better the subject of this review. The search strategy and the items obtained in the search were reviewed on two separate occasions to ensure proper sample selection. A similar search strategy was held in the SciELO database, by using the descriptors related before and the equivalent descriptors in Portuguese language. In order to standardize the concepts about violence against women during pregnancy covered in this review, it was used a definition of the Pan-American Health Organization which consists of violence or threat of physical, sexual or psychological (emotional) violence against pregnant woman. The analysis of the article followed previously determined eligibility criteria.

4(1)). On the other hand, B-cell lymphoma protein-3 (Bcl-3), which is involved in clot retraction, is translated upon thrombin activation

and under mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulation, as shown in Fig. 4(2). Thrombin activation also increases synthesis of continuously translated proteins, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). Finally, protein synthesis can also occur via a functional spliceosome, which has been found in platelets [4]. Indeed, pre-mRNAs exist in platelets and are spliced upon platelet activation (Fig. 4(3)). Tissue factors and interleukin 1 β are examples of such regulation. These different regulation mechanisms are facilitated by a strong interaction of mRNAs and protein synthesis machinery with the cytoskeleton, and the presence of translation Talazoparib mw factors such as protein eukaryotic initiation Lumacaftor mw factor, which is constitutively expressed. Platelet activation triggers a drastic cytoskeleton remodeling, which changes the localization of the different partners of protein synthesis. Platelet transcriptome was investigated in the context of the variability of platelet reactivity. RNA expression was assessed in 288 healthy individuals using microarray [57]. The expression level of VAMP8/endobrevin was positively associated with high platelet reactivity, as assessed with light transmission aggregometry. In addition, a SNP

(rs1010) and a microRNA (miRNA-96) were shown to be key players in VAMP8 modulation. Since VAMP8 is a

v-SNARE involved in the targeting and fusion of secretory granules to the plasma membrane, this study linked platelet reactivity variability to granule release. Recent data suggest that microRNA (miRNA) play an important role in mRNA regulation in platelets. These small nucleotides (around 22 base pairs) can induce mRNA degradation and either delay or promote translation [58]. Several mRNAs and their modulating miRNAs were recently associated with platelet reactivity in healthy subjects [59]. Among the 284 miRNAs expressed by platelets, Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase 74 were differentially expressed in different platelet reactivity categories. These data were combined with quantitative transcriptomic results on the same cohort, to obtain a list of paired miRNAs-mRNAs with a binding site at the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA. Among them, 3 pairs were of particular interest and could be validated at the level of protein expression. Although mRNAs and miRNAs play a role in the modulation of platelet function by transcriptomics, their exact role at the proteomic level, as well as their functional impact, remain unclear. Platelets have been extensively analyzed using proteomics [42] and [60]. Indeed, since platelets are anucleated and contain a limited amount of mRNA, their proteome is interesting for the study of their physiology. Recently, the platelet proteome was dramatically extended to reach almost 4000 proteins and 2500 phosphorylation sites [40].

L’auteur déclare ne pas avoir de conflits d’intérêts en relation avec cet article. “
” Henri Mathieu est mort le 6 juin 2013 à quelques jours de ses 88 ans. Il reste présent par une grande œuvre et par une formidable personnalité, s’imposant par son intelligence, son ouverture, sa diversité, RG7422 concentration mais aussi par sa chaleur humaine. Fasciné par le professeur Robert Debré, il s’engagea dans la pédiatrie et devint adjoint de Pierre Royer en 1961, médecin des hôpitaux en 1966. Il prit en charge en tant que chef de service la clinique de pédiatrie de l’hôpital Bretonneau en 1972. Ce département pédiatrique recouvrait alors les services de néphrologie, de réanimation pédiatrique

et de néonatologie. Dès le début des années 1970, il pressentit que l’hôpital Bretonneau et l’hôpital Hérold, qui en était proche, n’étaient plus adaptés aux besoins pédiatriques, cliniques et universitaires. Il le fit savoir dans un rapport adressé à la Direction générale de l’Assistance

publique–Hôpitaux de mTOR inhibitor Paris (AP–HP). Chargé avec Michel Dugas, président du Comité consultatif médical (CCM) d’Hérold, d’élaborer le projet d’un « hôpital Nord », il conçut ce qui allait être son grand œuvre : réunir ces deux hôpitaux bâtis en 1900 en un hôpital moderne dédié à la mère et à l’enfant et couvrant les besoins de santé du Nord de Paris. Sa ténacité lui permit de mener et de gagner de rudes batailles, tant au moment de l’élaboration du projet que lors de sa réalisation, vis-à-vis des administratifs hospitaliers mais également des responsables politiques locaux et nationaux de l’époque. Fort de nombreux soutiens, il eut gain de cause. Ainsi allait se concrétiser, il y a 25 ans, son projet d’un CHU pédiatrique, conçu d’emblée comme un hôpital mère-enfant. Pour cet hôpital, il voulut associer à une maternité de haut niveau – promotrice dans le domaine de la périnatalogie médicochirurgicale et du diagnostic MRIP prénatal – des services de spécialités en prenant en compte leur répartition dans les autres hôpitaux pédiatriques parisiens. Il devait par la suite adapter ses choix initiaux, complétant l’organisation

et l’offre de soins de l’hôpital malgré des contraintes budgétaires qui avaient amputé le projet initial d’une partie de sa surface, retardant notamment la construction d’un amphithéâtre d’enseignement. Les spécialités étaient adossées à un secteur de pédiatrie générale, concept déjà préconisé par Pierre Royer, et à un service d’urgences médicochirurgicales qui, rapidement, devint le plus important de France. C’est ainsi que la gageure dont il avait été pendant des années le défenseur acharné, d’un hôpital universitaire regroupant des sur-spécialités mais répondant également aux besoins d’une population locale défavorisée, a été tenue. Henri Mathieu a présidé le CCM de l’hôpital Robert-Debré pendant près de 20 ans.

2F) and both displayed coagulant activities. This procedure permitted us to obtain 12 mg of SPBA, 6 mg of BM-IIB32 kDa and 10 mg of BM-IIB35 kda from 250 mg of crude venom. The serine proteinases isolated from B. alternatus (SPBA) and from B. moojeni (BM-IIB34 kDa + BM-IIB32 kDa) were capable of clotting human plasma with MCD of 6 and 1 μg respectively. After incubation of fibrinogen with the B. alternatus serine proteinase (SPBA), degradation

of the Aα and Bβ chains was observed ( Fig. 3A). In buy Venetoclax the case of serine proteinases from B. moojeni, BM-IIB32 kDa completely cleaved both the Aα and Bβ chains ( Fig. 3B) whereas BM-IIB35 kDa completely cleaved only the Aα chain and only partially cleaved the Bβ chain ( Fig. 3C). The purified serine proteinases did not display fibrinolytic activity on fibrin clots formed in agarose gels by the reaction of fibrinogen with thrombin after incubation for 48 h at 37 °C (results not shown). The proteolytic activity results indicate that the serine proteinases isolated display maximum proteolytic IWR-1 price activity on casein at pH 8.6. However, they display only moderate activity at either pH 8.0 or at pH 10.2. The partial amino acid sequence analysis of isolated enzymes SPBA and BM-IIB32 kDa (Table 1) and their alignments with HS114

serine proteinases from B. jararaca venom ( Saguchi et al., 2005) revealed 100% identity ( Fig. 4) whereas, with Batroxobin ( Itoh et al., 1987), HS112 ( Saguchi et al., 2005), KN-BJ ( Serrano et al., 1998) and PA-BJ ( Serrano et al., 1995) the identity was between 61 and 70%. The partial sequence of BM-II35 kDa is approximately 80–85% identical to Batroxobin, HS112 and Bothrombin ( Table 2). All partial sequences of the enzymes here isolated share 20–31% identity with Trypsin ( Emi et al., 1986) and Thrombin ( MacGillivray and Davie, 1984) ( Fig. 4). Snake venom serine proteinases demonstrate high substrate

specificities and are capable of converting fibrinogen into fibrin (thrombin-like enzymes) (Huang et al., 1999 and Matsui et al., 1998), release bradykinin from kininogen (Nikai et al., 1998 and Serrano et al., 1998), increase capillary permeability (Sugihara et al., 1980), activate Factor X (Hofmann et al., 1983), induce platelet aggregation (Basheer et al., 1995 and Serrano et al., 1995) and activate prothrombin (Kitano et al., 2013) among various other activities. Forskolin concentration Serine proteinases from the venoms of B. alternatus and B. moojeni were isolated through a combination of three steps – size-exclusion, affinity and ion-exchange chromatographies ( Fig. 1). Ohler et al. (2010) performed two-dimensional electrophoresis of the venom of B. alternatus and isolated proteins of apparent molecular masses of 30 kDa and 28 kDa and these isoforms share high sequence identity with BthaTL, a serine proteinase present in the venom of B. alternatus that affects the hemostatic system. We have successfully purified and characterized the 32 kDa enzyme referred to as SPBA, from B. alternatus venom.